John Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath and Rose of Sharon’s Transformation :: essays research papers

Oddball to Madonna: Rose of Sharon’s Transformation At the point when Rose of Sharon is first presented in The Grapes of Wrath, we discover that she is anticipating a kid from her new spouse, Connie Rivers. She is depicted as an otherworldly being whose essential concern is the prosperity of her kid, even at the ludicrously beginning time of her pregnancy toward the beginning of the novel. It is this worry shows Rose of Sharon’s change from maverick to Madonna through the Joad’s venture. Rose of Sharon perpetually inquires as to whether â€Å"it’ll hurt the baby† all through a larger part of the novel, and embraces a mentality of prevalence over others with her valuable belonging. She everything except will not enable the family to pack the truck for California inspired by a paranoid fear of upsetting her baby, despite the fact that she realizes her assistance is required. Her childish jokes and grievances are persistently consumed by Ma, who endures her principally in light of her condition. Rose of Sharon realizes that she is currently a special case to the typical guidelines and endeavors her situation to its fullest potential. During the excursion Rose of Sharon and Connie sit back by longing for the unspoiled life they will lead when they arrive at California. Connie says he will open an auto shop and purchase a white house with a fence and a fridge and a vehicle and a den, all before the child is conceived; all pitifully hopeful and totally withdrew from the real world. Each expectation, however, is for the child with the goal that it might have an ideal life from the exact instant it is conceived. Despite difficulties, Rose of Sharon solaces herself by recalling these fanciful objectives of her family and even helps others to remember them, proposing to lift the weight of the real world. She does so when the sheriff compromises the side of the road families to leave or be imprisoned. She tells Ma of Connie’s plans for California, which have nothing to do with the circumstance at that point. This break just demonstrates to at last hurt Rose of Sharon and Connie; they discover that fantasies donâ⠂¬â„¢t bolster an actual existence when endurance is the need. Rose of Sharon’s dreams of an ideal life begin to self-destruct when Connie deserts her unexpectedly. She can no longer discover comfort in shared contemplations of a white-picket fence, and is compelled to confront reality. Be that as it may, rather than focusing on the Joad family emergencies, she redirects her concerns completely to her child indeed. John Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath and Rose of Sharon’s Transformation :: expositions research papers Rebel to Madonna: Rose of Sharon’s Transformation At the point when Rose of Sharon is first presented in The Grapes of Wrath, we discover that she is anticipating a youngster from her new spouse, Connie Rivers. She is portrayed as an otherworldly being whose essential concern is the prosperity of her kid, even at the incredibly beginning time of her pregnancy toward the beginning of the novel. It is this worry delineates Rose of Sharon’s change from maverick to Madonna through the Joad’s venture. Rose of Sharon perpetually inquires as to whether â€Å"it’ll hurt the baby† all through a greater part of the novel, and receives a disposition of prevalence over others with her valuable belonging. She everything except will not enable the family to pack the truck for California because of a paranoid fear of upsetting her embryo, despite the fact that she realizes her assistance is required. Her egotistical jokes and protests are persistently consumed by Ma, who endures her basically in light of her condition. Rose of Sharon realizes that she is currently an exemption to the ordinary guidelines and adventures her situation to its fullest potential. During the excursion Rose of Sharon and Connie breathe easy by longing for the charming life they will lead when they arrive at California. Connie says he will open a mechanics shop and purchase a white house with a fence and a cooler and a vehicle and a den, all before the child is conceived; all miserably optimistic and totally withdrew from the real world. Each aim, however, is for the child with the goal that it might have an ideal life from the exact second it is conceived. Despite difficulties, Rose of Sharon solaces herself by recalling these fanciful objectives of her family and even helps others to remember them, meaning to lift the weight of the real world. She does so when the sheriff compromises the side of the road families to leave or be imprisoned. She tells Ma of Connie’s plans for California, which have nothing to do with the circumstance at that point. This break just demonstrates to at last hurt Rose of Sharon and Connie; they discover that hallucinations do n’t bolster an actual existence when endurance is the need. Rose of Sharon’s dreams of an ideal life begin to self-destruct when Connie deserts her unexpectedly. She can no longer discover comfort in shared musings of a white-picket fence, and is compelled to confront reality. Be that as it may, rather than focusing on the Joad family emergencies, she occupies her concerns completely to her child by and by.

Social Inequality in the Work Force free essay sample

â€Å"What is the distinction among sex and sexual orientation? â€Å" is a request which a few people appear to be confounded upon in light of the fact that the two ideas are regularly misconstrued. Sex is an organic differentiation among guys and females, while sex is a socially developed definition that identifies with qualities characterizing manliness and gentility (Kilic). The last is a basic element of society, as the general population keeps up the prevailing confidence in safeguarding male focal points. This belief system that general society has figured out how to acknowledge has prompted uncalled for treatment against ladies particularly in work openings. Ladies explicitly experience hardship in the work power as they face separation dependent on their sex. Numerous ladies in the business ventures have the least power, and are trust to bring down positioning situations than men. In â€Å"Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination† by Catharine MacKinnon, the creator offers an assortment of ideas with regards to how a specific sex (male) is built as being prevailing in the public eye. We will compose a custom exposition test on Social Inequality in the Work Force or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page MacKinnon presents the hypothesis of the predominance approach, which she accepts equal society’s practice of social disparity. The belief system of sex character has made foul play for ladies as they have gotten subordinate to men as far as force and status. So also in the article, â€Å"An Overview of Sex Inequality at Work† by Irene Padavic and Barbara Reskin, the writers likewise guarantee that sexual orientation is socially developed dependent on the predominance approach. MacKinnon’s translation of the predominance approach is behind the development of society’s belief system on sexual orientation character; Padavic and Reskin’s article likewise gives an authorization of this methodology, especially on the issue of sex disparity for ladies in the working environment. Ladies experience sex isolation of employments, sex contrasts in advancement/authority, and furthermore contrasts in their profit. The segregation that ladies suffer is a consequence of society’s belief system of the predominance approach. This is where, â€Å"sex imbalance questions will be inquiries of fundamental strength, of male supremacy† (MacKinnon 414). MacKinnon states that society has developed a belief system where men are accepted to have more control over ladies as a sex. The inconsistent conveyance of intensity prompts men being at the highest point of the progressive system while ladies are at the base. Accordingly, the persecution that ladies experience is reflected from subjection to men in the public eye. MacKinnon contends that, â€Å"the predominance approach focuses on the most sex-differential maltreatment of ladies as a sex, mishandles that sex equity law in its distinction clothing couldn't confront† (413). Ladies are normally the ones who face maltreatment regarding assault, lewd behavior, and battery. Therefore, females are generally observed as substandard on the grounds that men don't confront these kinds of misuse (MacKinnon 413). The sex entertainment industry is another case of how ladies are viewed as being weak against men. By misusing females for the sexual amusement of men, the force differential is kept up in the public eye. Like MacKinnon’s hypothesis of the predominance approach, Padavic and Reskin’s article give instances of how this is apparent in today’s society. â€Å"An Overview of Sex Inequality at Work† centers around ladies being segregated on their occupations as a result of their sex. Padavic and Reskin guarantee that sex disparity happen in working environments since it is implanted in the belief system of numerous social orders (341). Like MacKinnon’s attestations, society centers around a conviction that gives inclination for guys to profit. Padavic and Reskin contend that sex philosophy is, â€Å"a set of generally shared suspicions about the way the genders are and what the relations between them are and should be† (342). This is one of the elements that clarify why there is sex imbalance in the work environment. In this man centric culture, men are viewed just like the genuine â€Å"breadwinners† who merit more lucrative employments. Then again, ladies are viewed as being homemakers who needn't bother with genuine employments that pay enough cash to help their family (Padavic and Reskin 343). The delineation of the strength approach is clear as bosses additionally have an impact in maintaining this philosophy. Bosses separate ladies against callings that are viewed as being commonly male employments. In the work power, sex isolation of employments assume a significant job that keep ladies from having equivalent open doors as men. As indicated by Padavic and Reskin, sex isolation accentuates on, â€Å"the grouping of people in various types of work† (340). This way of thinking communicates that guys ought to ordinarily work in businesses that are characterized as being male occupations, for example, development or mining. There is a suspicion that hands on or physical work are nontraditional employments for ladies. Ladies are viewed as being truly less solid than men, so they ought to be rejected from the occupations of hard work, for example, development. There are likewise sex contrasts in the advancement and authority of a lady in the work power. In view of one’s sex, certain gatherings of individuals engage in sexual relations favorable circumstances with his/her occupations. As a sex, men despite everything command in having the most noteworthy positions in many occupations and callings (Padavic and Reskin 341). Under the prevailing methodology, men are still observed just like the sexual orientation with more force, while ladies are given burdens since they are viewed as second rate compared to the other gender. Ladies additionally have less power; as found in the case of the Wal-Mart organization, â€Å"although multiple thirds (2/3) of its hourly representatives are female, they hold just a single third (1/3) of store the board occupations, and under 15% of senior supervisor positions† (Schwartz 274). These insights demonstrate that there is an irregularity of how much force one has dependent on their sexual orientation. On the off chance that a representative is a male, he has the higher possibility of increasing a store the board position. Nonetheless, if a representative is a female, she gets the opportunity of being ignored for an advancement choice. It is out of line for ladies be kept separate from indistinguishable chances to progress from men. Without these specialists, numerous ladies likewise don't get an opportunity to voice their feelings on what is important. At long last, sex imbalance for ladies at the working environment is obvious in the distinction of income dependent on a person’s sex. Insights show that ladies on normal have lower wages than men. As Padavic and Reskin guarantee, â€Å"elderly unmarried ladies had normal salaries of $11,161 a year contrasted with $14,769 for old unmarried men† (341). One clarification for the stunning contrast in income among people is a direct result of the ideological presumption that solitary guys have occupations that are â€Å"real work. † As referenced previously, society has developed the sexual orientation of guys as the providers of the gathering who likewise merit need in more lucrative employments. Then again, ladies are thought to be household laborers; the work they perform isn't genuine, in this manner they don't should be sufficiently paid to help themselves (Padavic and Reskin 342-43). The focuses that Padavic and Reskin cause to notice demonstrate that MacKinnon’s predominance approach is as a result inside society. Guys as a sex have more force when contrasted with females; accordingly, the open despite everything maintains the predominant faith in saving points of interest for men. This way of thinking that society embraces has made inconsistent open doors for ladies in sex isolation on occupations, sex contrasts in advancement openings, and the distinction in livelihoods. The philosophy of sexual orientation that society has developed is making ladies face hardship in the workface. Sex separation is one model that shows why society needs to change their convictions. On the off chance that the open despite everything maintains the way of thinking of the predominance approach, they hazard the outcomes that will occur later on. Men will keep on having matchless quality over ladies. This will constrain females from progressing as far as social chances. Ladies won't have the option to be advanced in their vocations, for example, being administrators or managers. It won't appear to be reasonable for ladies in the event that they don't get equivalent compensation when contrasted with men. Today there are numerous ladies who are single parents in America, which makes them the providers of the family unit.

What Are Environmental Issue Essay Topics?

What Are Environmental Issue Essay Topics?Environmental issue essay topics come in all sizes and varieties. You can choose from a global environmental perspective, or you can choose to focus on a single issue that impacts you personally. However, the fact remains that you need to tackle these issues if you want to have any chance of getting your students involved and interested in the topic.In addition to the fact that environmental issues should be discussed, there are other factors that have to be taken into consideration, too. For example, the tone that you use in your writing will impact the emotional response of your students. Here are some tips for approaching this important subject matter.Be as honest as possible. Although environmental issues may seem to be more abstract, they do have a certain kind of immediacy to them. The feeling is one of immediacy, because the impact has an actual physical form. Therefore, make sure that you discuss the subject matter without it being pe rceived as purely abstract.Consider making your essays personal. This is the best way to really understand your students' concerns and give them an outlet for expressing their views. It also gives them a chance to express themselves in a format that will help to inform and motivate their own understanding of the topic.When discussing environmental issue essay topics, avoid generalization. It can be difficult to communicate the full scope of your students' fears and concerns without breaking down their focus. By making sure that you only speak about certain issues and do not give them the option to bring it up at a later time, you can help them feel more comfortable talking about their views and feelings.Make sure that you give your students plenty of opportunities to express their opinions about environmental issue essay topics. For instance, you could include questions in the middle of the essay to allow students to discuss their feelings with others who are close to them. It is a good idea to encourage students to reach out to others in order to make their essay topics more interactive.Keep in mind that your essay topics should always address the issue itself. While you may want to talk about a particular advocacy group or institution, make sure that you keep your focus on the issue itself. While these topics can be quite abstract, the fact remains that if you want to make your students feel like they know what is happening in the world, you need to talk about it.Environmental issue essay topics are, no doubt, the most effective way to get students involved in an intelligent way. They can really get your students thinking about the world around them and how it relates to their current situation. Remember that by letting them do their part, you will be able to speak to them in a way that will help them appreciate and gain an understanding of the subject matter.

Metafiction Calvino’s Narrative Style in If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller - Literature Essay Samples

If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller (hereafter Winter’s Night), authored by Italo Calvino, has often been critically analyzed by scholars for its unique narrative style and the role it has played in establishing metafiction as a definitive genre at the forefront of the Postmodernist era. Metafiction is fiction that possesses self-awareness of the relationship between the act of writing that has borne it and the readership that consumes it. It attempts to eliminate the illusionary aspect to storytelling, and in doing so, it achieves the awareness where it can engage in discourse about the process of its creation with the reader. This effectively embeds the reader as another entity within its story. Calvino uses metafiction to break the fourth wall that exists between the story and the reader and analyze the act of reading itself. He comments on the format of storytelling within them and the kind of stories they should contain according to the accepted norm. Metafiction, in its quest to achieve self-consciousness, carries an ironic paradox within its journey throughout its making. Nella Cotrupi addresses this singular aspect of metafiction in her journal article that analyses Calvino’s novel and the meta-narrative within. In her writing, Cotrupi expresses, â€Å"The very procedure of story making is transformed into the subject matter of the fiction as the combinatorial impulse turns for inspiration to the processes of fabulation and its products,† (Cotrupi 281). Here she attempts to highlight the symbiotic interaction between the story’s awareness in its own fictional existence on one hand, while on the other employ the models of story writing narratives to further its plot. The inevitable irony within the genre rises in its unmasking and analytical approach to the act of writing yet utilizing the creative means for the progression of fiction. It retains sufficient engagement to the production of the story to convey its fictional phenomenon to the reader (281). Thus, it reinforces a paradoxical quality of the aesthetics of fiction rendering and the self-critical narrative that is obviously reflected throughout the course of Calvino’s If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller. Calvino’s innovative approach to this genre goes further beyond just analyzing its process, but by inviting the reader’s focus to the readership over its writing style. He creates the contrast between the Male Reader and the Female Reader, Ludmilla. He also attempts to demonstrate the difference between the good kind of reading and the flawed. Madeline Sorapure harshly critiques the approach of the Male Reader to the text, citing it as a classic, goal oriented critical reader who stubbornly opposes entering the text and wants to commit, as she quotes in her article, â€Å"subsume†¦[the novel’s] disruptive and affecting elements into a neat, ordered whole, and thus to neutralize them, bring them to rest, make them insignificant and forgettable† (Sorapure 707). By contrast, Sorapure considers Ludmilla â€Å"the epitome of an interested reader†, who unlike her male counterpart immerses herself rather than trying to remain suspended above the text. Ludmilla remains attentive to the events in the text and according to Sorapure, â€Å"does not merely wait for the conflicts at work in the text to be resolved and brought into order† (707). The opposing approaches to reading within Winter’s Night echo the traditional ways of thinking that the primary consumers of texts carry while interpreting fiction. Accordingly, Calvino masterfully writes not only the Reader, but also the reader – Calvino’s audience – into his story, bonding them together within the journey. Although the protagonist, the Reader, is defined in its interests and its specific gender, according to Melissa Watts, is also â€Å"a fill-in-the-blank character† (Watts 712). The space that is created is for the reader to fill in for the protagonist role with themselves. Often, Calvino compounds this by having the narratives of the fragmented stories within Winter’s Night address the readers in the second person. This eventually further blurs the distinction between the worlds. The position of the reader and the Reader overlap in these occasions that is brilliantly brought together by their mutual reading experience of the intertextual fragments of the novels. Jerry Varsava notes that Calvino â€Å"satirizes the reader’s search for stable, originating voice in fiction† (Vars ava 14). The clearest evidence to this in Winter’s Night can be found from the parts of a novel, that when put together, do not make a coherent narrative. The onus falls on the reader to contemplate multiple texts intertwined without effective understanding of their origin or the end. Even as the plot of Ermes Marana takes the satire to convoluted heights, it forces the readers to admit that the search for any sense of stability is impossible (Watts 709). This futile search for stability and its failure arises out of the troubled position the reader is ushered into within the text, which is so fragmented and disoriented, that it tends to disarm and render them vulnerable to Calvino’s manipulations, enabling him to steer the direction of reading according to his choice and whims. Alike the various kinds of readers within Winter’s Night, Calvino also features a multitude of writers within the text. Calvino makes a mockery of the characters like Ermes Marana, Silas Flannery and various other writers whose novels’ incipits – the ten fragmented stories that the Reader remains in pursuit of – are featured within Winter’s Night. Interestingly, he also embeds himself within the universe as the fictitious Calvino, who has also written the If on a Winter’s Night that the Reader picks up the first out of all the novels. Fictional Calvino emerges as one of the first characters introduced at the beginning, where he addresses the Reader, and later he is mentioned at the end, when the Reader is almost at the end of Winter’s Night. This symmetry in itself suggests that Calvino does not simply assume a role of a silent author himself, hiding behind his characters to maneuver the plot and the readers. Rather, Calvino takes an a ctive role and truly becomes a character in the novel itself. While Ermes Marana emerges as a fraud and plagiarist as the Reader progresses, it is Silas Flannery who is presented almost as an alter-ego to Calvino himself. Flannery contemplates on the pain of writing beginnings and suffering a ‘writer’s block’, caused by his self-conscious awareness of the reader. Flannery states, How well I would write if I were not here!If I were only a hand, a severed hand that grasps a pen and writes . . . Who would move this hand? The anonymous throng? The spirit of the times? The collective unconsciousness?† (Calvino 171). This quote speaks of a longing to write something that cannot be written and to â€Å"tell† that cannot yet be told. It expresses a reflection of Calvino’s own rejection of writing in a similar style more than once and his zeal of producing unique stories that do not hold any similarities to the ones that came before. Flannery even muse s over writing a book containing only the beginnings: â€Å"I would like to be able to write a book that is only an incipit, that maintains for its whole duration the potentiality of the beginning the expectation still not focused on an object. But how could such a book be constructed? Would it break off after the first paragraph? Would the preliminaries be prolonged indefinitely? Would it set the beginning of one tale inside another, as in the Arabian Nights?† (177). This echoes the pattern that Calvino follows in this novel – a novel with only ‘incipit’. However, Calvino distances himself from Flannery in his approach to the reader’s authority. While Flannery would give more importance to the beginnings over its endings, leaving the authority to the readers to discern their own meanings, Calvino, who analyses the various kinds of flawed readers with misdirected approaches to reading, clearly does not agree with him. Although allowing the reader th e freedom to form their own thoughts, Calvino however, does not give them true authority. Calvino, in spite of the constantly metamorphosing plot, liberates the reader from the unconscious burden of having to categorize every story into a structure or a theory. The research scholars’ dissection of the text in parts and their attempt to categorize it under a particular agenda is mocked at by Lotaria, Ludmilla’s sister, who clearly considers her own method of interpretation superior to theirs. â€Å"Now she is inviting you to a seminar at the university, where books are analyzed according to all Codes, Conscious and Unconscious, and in which all Taboos are eliminated, the ones imposed by the dominant Sex, Class, and Culture† (Calvino 45). Calvino proceeds to satirize Lotaria and her feminist group’s strategies of interpreting the text: â€Å"[a]t this point they throw open the discussion. Events, characters, settings, impressions are thrust aside, to make room for the general concepts. The polymorphic- perverse sexuality†¦The laws of a mark et economy†¦The homologies of the signifying structures†¦Deviations and institutions†¦ Castration†¦Only you have remained suspended there, you and Ludmilla, while nobody else thinks of continuing the reading† (91). Clearly, this passge is presented to be a parody of traditional methods of analyzing a text. However, Calvino also manages to draw importance on the plurality of the text. Lotaria stubbornly considers it sufficient to only use a particular section of a book to glean the message the author tries to convey rather than reading the entire book. She reads samples of text with pre-existing ideas of what she should find within it. This portrays quite a rigid and narrow manner of reading. The text should never be reduced to a single layer or theme. Rather, it needs to be considered in its entirety, to engage within its multi-layered structure and meaning before one forms any conclusions. Calvino’s multi-faceted writing in this text opens up the possibility of infinite continuation of the story without true closure for the reader. The Reader’s desire for absolute resolution is echoed by Calvino’s readers, trapped by their gradual identification with the role of Reader. Even when the titles of the incipits the Reader has pursued so passionately come together to bely a surprising discovery, the Reader is left dissatisfied to find no definite end. The other readers who help him in the end tell him, â€Å"This is why my reading has no end: I read and I reread, each time seeking the confirmation of a new discovery among the folds of the sentences† (255). The Reader is then given a choice of choosing their own beginning and end by one of the readers: â€Å"Do you believe that every story must have a beginning and an end? In ancient times a story could end only in two ways: having passed all the tests, the hero and the heroine married, or else th ey died. The ultimate meaning to which all stories refer has two faces: the continuity of life, the inevitability of death† (259). The Reader finds his resolution in the â€Å"continuity of life† by marrying Ludmilla, and creating the end he could not find in the novel. While the novel itself ends with the Reader saying, â€Å"I’ve almost finished If on a winter’s night a traveller by Italo Calvino† (260), this does not bring any sense of satisfaction to the reader. In a way neither the Reader manages to finish the text, nor do Calvino’s readers. This inevitably creates an open-ended closure that does not resolve nor explain the tensions created by the snippets of stories within the novel. Yet, a story need not have a definitive ending to be considered as a work of literature or a novel, as the audience comes to conclude. Calvino writes them into the novel with the sole purpose of inspiring his readers to depart from the traditional definitio ns of what constitutes meaningful stories. Metafictional narratives like in Winter’s Night consist of multiple stories that have vague beginnings and endings, but flow into each other in a way that might make it difficult to understand where one ends and another begins. Calvino’s message seems deeper and much more simple than his complex novel would suggest. Not everything in life has to be taken apart and made sense of. Not all events in one’s life would reach some kind of satisfying and explicable closure, but life still moves onward. No character or their actions within the text is perfect. The side of the society that churns out books is as flawed as the readership that receives it. Calvino’s ultimate goal by using metafiction, underneath the satirical outlook on society, is to break the wall that exists between the reader and the story thereby drawing them out their wholesome comfort zones. This is a deliberate attempt to teach them that the reading experience itself does not need to be accurate and complete. Not all tensions may come to satisfying resolutions for the readers. Therefore, the reader does not need to condense every story to fit an existing structure or a theory for it to be a satisfying and stimulating experience. Thus, the simplest way of reading is often by immersing oneself into the text and keeping an open mind throughout its journey. Works Cited Varsava, Jerry A. Calvinos Combinative Aesthetics: Theory and Practice. Review of Contemporary Fiction, vol. 6, no. 2, Summer, 1986, pp. 11, Periodicals Archive Online; Periodicals Index Online. Cotrupi, C. Nella. â€Å"Hypermetafiction: Italo Calvinos ‘If on a Winters Night a Traveller.’† Style, vol. 25, no. 2, 1991, pp. 280–290. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42945908. Watts, M. (1991). Reinscribing a dead author in if on a winters night a traveler'. Modern Fiction Studies, 37(4), 705. Sorapure, M. Being in the Midst: Italo Calvinos If on a Winters Night a Traveler. MFS Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 31 no. 4, 1985, pp. 702-710. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/mfs.0.1167 Calvino, Italo. If on a Winters Night a Traveller. Toronto: Lester Orpen Dennys, 1981.

The Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports

The phenomenon of the blood doping in professional sports is not new; however, it remains prevalent in sports culture. With new techniques being designed to avoid detection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentives to use blood doping techniques with little by way of repercussions. Blood doping is a process intended to boost athlete’s performance by increasing the body’s ability to filter more oxygen to the muscles. This is done by increasing the hemoglobin which is the body’s transportation of oxygen to red blood cells (Webmd). The higher the hemoglobin contents in the blood the higher the oxygen amount being transported to the muscle for the purposes recovery. Most common activities blood doping is found in includes long distance activities such as marathon running and cycling, as blood doing is thought to improve stamina (Webmd). There are multiple types of blood doping such as; blood transfusions, erythropoietin injections (EPO) and synthetic oxygen carriers. There are two forms of blood transfusions. The first type is Autologous Transfusions, which is the process of removing one’s own blood and storing it for future use. Whereas the other, Homologous transfusions is the process ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Doping in sports. At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. The solution of this task immediately entails chain of related questions: how to improve the system of doping control, what drugs to prohibit to use, what measures to show to athletes who violated the rules.But what do we know about doping, in addition, what do the media and the people profit from it? Looking at the situation of modern sports on the other hand, itRead MoreSteroids and Sports Don’t Mix Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe problems of doping in sports began to surface in the late 1950s, because of rumors that coaches were allowing players to use performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful toRead MoreBlood Doping : Can We Beat It?1347 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universal blood donor. Blood is not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors canRead MoreShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagescreate ways to become the best in his/her competitive sports; especially when one have to use a lot of endurance and energy to win. In order to be the best you have to put in the work. Some athletes do it the hard way, such as eating healthy, exercising and training. Others use the easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their fieldRead MorePreventing PEDs in Professional Sports Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) among athletes in professional sports has caused an outrage all around the world for many years. The use of PEDs not only affects the athlete that chooses to use them, but also the athletes they are competing against, other teams, and the team or country they are representing (â€Å"Survey Reveals†). 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The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by...

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Letters play a very important role in Pride and Prejudice. They can link the story because letters provide information which we would not have found out from the dialogue between the characters. We an also find out extra background information which can help with the readers understanding of characters, the plot and the novel in general. Letters can reveal characters personalities and how they feel about the other characters in the novel, for example Miss Bingleys feelings about Jane. Letters are used as a dramatic device in Pride and Prejudice to further the plot, link the story and to inform the readers of the characters†¦show more content†¦(vol 2 chapter 3.) The letter from Caroline to Jane, informing her that they have gone to stay in London, splits up Jane and the Bingleys. It also moves the story to a different location, therefore it furthers the plot. Miss Caroline Bingley is shown to be extremely insincere in the way she writes her letter. Jane Bennet?s letter also helps to further the plot. It reveals Jane?s character and personality. She writes to her sister, Elizabeth Bennet explaining their younger sister?s elopement with Mr Wickham. This letter shows the strong relationship which the two sisters have, we can see this from the way which Jane tried not to alarm Lizzy. But Im afraid of alarming you?be assured we are all well, what I have to say relates to poor Lydia. This letter also shows Jane?s forgiving personality towards situations like these, because she is simply thinking of Lydia, not about herself like Kitty and Mrs Bennet were doing. Lizzy is very different to her sister. She is very quick witted and makes judgments without knowing the entire story or knowing the person very well. Lizzie makes opinions and tends to stick with them, even when she starts to know the person. This is shown in the case of Mr Darcey. 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Liberal Arts Letter From Birmingham Jail - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theLiberal Arts for Letter from Birmingham Jail. Answer: Introduction The Letter from Birmingham Jail comes as a response from Martin Luther King Jr to the Call for Unity clergymen. The letter in a much open manner defends the nonviolent resistance of the Black or Afro Americans against racism. Hitting on the religious approach Martin Luther King Jr declares that people have a moral responsibility to break laws that supports inequality or racism and take direct action against the laws instead of waiting for legal justice (Rieder, 2014). Martin Luther King since the beginning had a great fame as an orator. Depending much on the oratory skills and religious sensibility Martin Luther justifies their (the Afro-American) stand Birmingham movement, which was brought out much on the ethical and moral ground to strengthen the laws and rights of the black people in America. The following paper through a detailed background and literary analysis tends to find the justification of the Letter from Birmingham Jail. At the same time the essay delves deep to analyze and find out the strengths and weaknesses of the following text. The letter contains in it both the qualities of strength and weaknesses. Being a response, the letter clearly explains that Martin Luther King has read the statements of the clergymen who call him to be an outsider (King Jr, 2012). The letter vastly hits on the points of racism, extremism against the black youths, religion, civility, and over all humanity. The greatest strength of the letter lies in the oratory approach of Martin Luther King and the strikes he puts on the clergymen and indirectly to the White nation. At the same time, in a much polite yet firm manner, King brings out the issues of social legal and political obstacles of a Negro in their own land (King Jr, 1963). The issues count to be the greatest strong points in the letter for the letter shakes the religious bases of the state and truly to focus on the religious bases of Christianity itself. Christianity encourages equality for every race: There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus (Bible, 2015). Thus, King questions the clergymen on their religious grounds regarding inequality. He goes on mentioning about the religious leaders who call upon their worshipers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law (King Jr, 2012). Luther as he mentions, longs to hear the white ministers to talk about the equality of the Negros. At the same time, Luther attacks the institution of religion attacKing more the clergymen on ethical grounds. The unethical practices of the time was a common phenomena of the then contemporary period, as he mentions of his experience of churches, committing themselves to an absolute different religion than the one they preach, which eventually created a distinction between bodies and souls, the sacred and the secular (King Jr, 2012). On the grounds of social and legal convention King retaining their position of non violence puts the aggressive stand of the state much to the place of Hitler and his anti-Jewish policies and the position of Hungarian freedom fighter to be illegal for they stood out for their right. Thus King in a much polite and orated manner put the state in the position of autocrats along with the clergymen to be much of hypocrites of a state where it can be termed illegal to stand for their rights (Apsel, 2015 ). The situation remained same for more than hundred years as Martin Luther King Jr mentions in his I Have A Dream Speech that it is when one hundred years have passed and still there is a reserved segregation and discrimination for the Negros. It is still this day when a Negro lives a life of dire poverty in a land of plentitude. They are lonely in a populated city. King highlights on the point that no such difference has been mad ein the passing hundred years for till this day the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land (King jr, 1963). Nevertheless, despite the strong and burning arguments, the text contains weak points as well and the most highlighting weakness the letter can ever possess is the self containing emotionalism (Mott, 1975). The nonviolent yet confrontational stand of the Blacks was much generated from the emotional approach of Martin Luther King Jr. the letter reflects the emotional attitude as well. However, in an already hostile state, emotional expression is nothing but a sign of weakness. Throughout the letter the expression of such emotionalism or weakness as the state would see it, can dilute much of the texts expected effects on the state. However, to conclude it may be said that the Letter from Birmingham Jail is rich in its arguments and standpoints when it comes to terms with the confrontation of the white nationalists and religious leaders (clergymen), however despite its strengths and weaknesses Letter from Birmingham Jail still remains one of the best pieces of works in literary and political history. Reference: Apsel, J. (2015). Martin Luther King, Jr.,Letter from a Birmingham Jail and Nonviolent Social Transformation.Great Books Written in Prison: Essays on Classic Works from Plato to Martin Luther King, Jr, 230. Bible, K. J. (2015). King James Bible Online. King Jr, M. L. (2012). Letter from Birmingham jail.Liberating faith: Religious voices for justice, peace, ecological wisdom, 177-187. King, M. L. (1963). " I Have a Dream" Speech. Mott, W. T. (1975). The Rhetoric of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail.Phylon (1960-),36(4), 411-421. Nelsen, H. M., Yokley, R. L., Nelsen, A. K. (1971).The black church in America. Basic Books (AZ). Rieder, J. (2014).Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail and the Struggle that Changed a Nation. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Periods of English Literature Essay Example

Periods of English Literature Essay For convenience of discussion, historians divide the continuity of English literature into segments of time that are called periods. The exact number, dates, and names of these periods vary,but the list below conforms to widespread practice. The list is followed by a brief comment on each period, in chronological order. 450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500 Middle English Period 1500-1660 The Renaissance (or Early Modern) 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age 603-1625 Jacobean Age 1625-1649 Caroline Age 1649-1660 Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700 The Restoration 1700-1745 The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785 The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830 The Romantic Period 1832-1901 The Victorian Period 1848-1860 The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901 Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 1910-1936 The Georgian Period 1914- The Modern Period 1945- PostmodernismThe Old English Period, or the Anglo-Sa xon Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature. (See oral formulaic poetry. A high level of culture and learning was soon achieved in various monasteries; the eighth-century churchmen Bede and Alcuin were major scholars who wrote in Latin, the standard language of international scholarship. The poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon, known also as Old English, included Beowulf (eighth century), the greatest of Germanic epic poems, and such lyric laments as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Deor, all of which, though composed by Christian writers, reflect the conditions of life in the pagan past.Caedmon and Cy newulf were poets who wrote on biblical and religious themes, and there survive a number of Old English lives of saints, sermons, and paraphrases of books of the Bible. Alfred the Great, a West Saxon king (871-99) who for a time united all the kingdoms of southern England against a new wave of Germanic invaders, the Vikings, was no less important as a patron of literature than as a warrior. He himself translated into Old English various books of Latin prose, supervised translations by other hands, and instituted the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, a continuous record, year by year, of important events in England.See H. M. Chadwick, The Heroic Age (1912); S. B. Greenfield, A Critical History of Old English Literature (1965); C. L. Wrenn, A Study of Old English Literature (1966). Middle English Period. The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary langu age (deriving from the dialect of the London area) had become recognizably modern English—that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo- Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe. Among the important and influential works from this period are Marie de Frances Lais (c. 1180—which may have been written while Marie was at the royal court in England), Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meuns Roman de la Rose (12257-75? , and Chretien de Troyes Erec et Enide (the first Arthurian romance, C. 1165) and Yvain (c. 1177-81). When the native vernacular—descended from Anglo-Saxon, but with extensive lexical and syntactic elements assimilated from Anglo-Norman, and known as middle English—came into general literary use, it was at first mainly the vehicle for religious and homiletic writings. The first great age of primarily secular literature—rooted in the Anglo-Norman, French, Irish, and Welsh, as well as the native English literature—was the second half of the fourteenth century.This was the age of Chaucer and John Gower, of William Langlands great religious and satirical poem Piers Plowman, and of the anonymous master who wrote four major poems in complex alliterative meter, including Pearl, an elegy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This last work is the most accomplished of the English chivalric romances; the most notable prose romance was Thomas Malorys Morte dArthur, written a century later. The outstanding poets of the fifteenth century were the Scottish Chaucerians, who included King James I of Scotland and Robert Henryson.The fifteenth century was more important for popular literature than for the artful lit erature addressed to the upper classes: it was the age of many excellent songs, secular and religious, and of folk ballads, as well as the flowering time of the miracle and morality plays, which were written and produced for the general public. See W. L. Renwick and H. Orton, The Beginnings of English Literature to Skelton (rev. , 1952); H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947); Edward Vasta, ed. , Middle English Survey: Critical Essays (1965). The Renaissance, 1500-1660.There is an increasing use by historians of the term early modern to denote this era: see the entry Renaissance. Elizabethan Age. Strictly speaking, the period of the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603); the term Elizabethan, however, is often used loosely to refer to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, even after the death of Elizabeth. This was a time of rapid development in English commerce, maritime power, and nationalist feeling—the defeat of the Spanish Armada occurred in 158 8. It was a great (in drama the greatest) age of English literature—the age of Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Sir Walter Raleigh, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, and many other extraordinary writers of prose and of dramatic, lyric, and narrative poetry. A number of scholars have looked back on this era as one of intellectual coherence and social order; an influential example was E. M. W. Tillyards The Elizabethan World Picture (1943). Recent historical critics, however, have emphasized its intellectual uncertainties and political and social conflicts; see new historicism. Jacobean Age. The reign of James I (in Latin, Jacobus), 1603-25, which followed that of Queen Elizabeth.This was the period in prose writings of Bacon, John Donnes sermons, Robert Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy, and the King James translation of the Bible. It was also the time of Shakespeares greatest tragedies and tragicomedies, and of major writings by other notable poets and playwrights including Donne, Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, Lady Mary Wroth, Sir Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, John Webster, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Philip Massinger, and Elizabeth Cary, whose notable biblical drama The Tragedy of Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry was first long play by an Englishwoman to be published.See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century (1945); C. V. Wedgewood, Seventeenth Century English Literature (1950). Caroline Age. The reign of Charles I, 1625-49; the name is derived from Carolus, the Latin version of Charles. This was the time of the English Civil War fought between the supporters of the king (known as Cavaliers) and the supporters of Parliament (known as Roundheads/ from their custom of wearing their hair cut short).John Milton began his writing during this period; it was the age also of the religious poet George Herbert and of the prose writers Rober t Burton and Sir Thomas Browne. Associated with the court were the Cavalier poets, writers of witty and polished lyrics of courtship and gallantry. The group included Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew. Robert Herrick, although a country parson, is often classified with the Cavalier poets because, like them, he was a Son of Ben—that is, an admirer and follower of Ben Jonson—in many of his lyrics of love and gallant compliment.See Robin Skelton, Cavalier Poets (1960). The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum,extends from the end of the Civil War and the execution of Charles I in 1649 to the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under Charles II in 1660. In this period England was ruled by Parliament under the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell; his death in 1658 marked the dissolution of the Commonwealth. Drama almost disappeared for eighteen years after the Puritans closed the public theaters in September 1642, not only on moral and re ligious grounds, but also to prevent public assemblies that might foment civil disorder.It was the age of Miltons political pamphlets, of Hobbes political treatise Leviathan (1651), of the prose writers Sir Thomas Browne, Thomas Fuller, Jeremy Taylor, and Izaak Walton, and of the poets Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Abraham Cowley, Sir William Davenant, and Andrew Marvell. The Neoclassical Period, 1660-1785; see the entry neoclassic and romantic. Restoration. This period takes its name from the restoration of the Stuart line (Charles II) to the English throne in 1660, at the end of the Commonwealth; it is specified as lasting until 1700.The urbanity, wit, and licentiousness of the life centering on the court, in sharp contrast to the seriousness and sobriety of the earlier Puritan regime, is reflected in much of the literature of this age. The theaters came back to vigorous life after the revocation of the ban placed on them by the Puritans in 1642, although they became more exlusive ly oriented toward the aristocratic classes than they had been earlier.Sir George Etherege, William Wycherley, William Congreve, and John Dryden developed the distinctive comedy of manners called Restoration comedy, and Dryden, Thomas Otway, and other playwrights developed the even more distinctive form of tragedy called heroic drama. Dryden was the major poet and critic, as well as one of the major dramatists. Other poets were the satirists Samuel Butler and the Earl of Rochester; notable writers in prose, in addition to the masterly Dryden, were Samuel Pepys, Sir William Temple, the religious writer in vernacular English John Bunyan, and the philosopher John Locke.Aphra Behn, the first Englishwoman to earn her living by her pen and one of the most inventive and versatile authors of the age, wrote poems, highly successful plays, and Oroonoko, the tragic story of a noble African slave, an important precursor of the novel. See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); L. I. Bredvold, The Intellectual Milieu of John Dryden (1932). Augustan Age. The original Augustan Age was the brilliant literary period of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B. . -A. D. 14). In the eighteenth century and later, however, the term was frequently applied also to the literary period in England from approximately 1700 to 1745. The leading writers of the time (such as Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Joseph Addison) themselves drew the parallel to the Roman Augustans, and deliberately imitated their literary forms and subjects, their emphasis on social concerns, and their ideals of moderation, decorum, and urbanity. (See neoclassicism. A major representative of popular, rather than classical, writing in this period was the novelist, journalist, and pamphleteer Daniel Defoe. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was a brilliant letterwriter in a great era of letter-writing; she also wrote poems of wit and candor that violated the conventional moral and i ntellectual roles assigned to women in the Augustan era. Age of Sensibility. The period between the death of Alexander Pope in 1744, and 1785, which was one year after the death of Samuel Johnson and one year before Robert Burns Poems, Chiefly in Scottish Dialect. Alternative dates frequently proposed for the end of this period are 1789 and 1798; see Romantic Period. ) An older name for this half-century, the Age of Johnson, stresses the dominant position of Samuel Johnson (1709-84) and his literary and intellectual circle, which included Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, James Boswell, Edward Gibbon, and Hester Lynch Thrale. These authors on the whole represented a culmination of the literary and critical modes of neoclassicism and the worldview of the Enlightenment.The more recent name, Age of Sensibility, puts its stress on the emergence, in other writers of the 1740s and later, of new cultural attitudes, theories of literature, and types of poetry; we find in this period, for exam ple, a growing sympathy for the Middle Ages, a vogue of cultural primitivism, an awakening interest in ballads and other folk literature, a turn from neoclassic correctness and its emphasis on judgment and restraint to an emphasis on instinct and feeling, the development of a literature of sensibility, and above all the exaltation by some critics of original genius and a bardic poetry of the sublime and visionary imagination. Thomas Gray expressed this anti-neoclassic sensibility and set of values in his Stanzas to Mr. Bentley (1752): But not to one in this benighted age Is that diviner inspiration given, That burns in Shakespeares or in Miltons page, The pomp and prodigality of Heaven. Other poets who showed similar shifts in thought and taste were William Collins and Joseph and Thomas Warton (poets who, together with Gray, began in the 1740s the vogue for what Samuel Johnson slightingly referred to as ode, and elegy, and sonnet), Christopher Smart, and William Cowper.Thomas Percy published his influential Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), which included many folk ballads and a few medieval metrical romances, and James Macpherson in the same decade published his greatly doctored (and in considerable part fabricated) versions of the poems of the Gaelic bard Ossian (Oisin) which were enormously popular throughout Europe. This was also the period of the great novelists, some realistic and satiric and some sentimental: Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne. See W. J. Bate, From Classic to Romantic (1946); Northrop Frye, Toward Defining an Age of Sensibility, in Fables of Identity (1963), and ed. Romanticism Reconsidered (1965); F. W. Hilles and Harold Bloom, eds. , From Sensibility to Romanticism (1965). Romantic Period. The Romantic Period in English literature is dated as eginning in 1785 (see Age of Sensibility)—or alternatively in 1789 (the outbreak of the French Revolution), or in 1798 (the publication of Wil liam Wordsworths and Samuel Taylor Coleridges Lyrical Ballads)—and as ending either in 1830 or else in 1832, the year in which Sir Walter Scott died and the passage of the Reform Bill signaled the political preoccupations of the Victorian era. For some characteristics of the thought and writings of this remarkable and diverse literary period, as well as for a list of suggested readings, see neoclassic and romantic. The term is often applied also to literary movements in European countries and America; see periods of American literature. Romantic characteristics are usually said to have been manifested first in Germany and England in the 1790s, and not to have become prominent in France and America until two or three decades after that time.Major English writers of the period, in addition to Wordsworth and Coleridge, were the poets Robert Burns, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and Walter Savage Landor; the prose writers Charles Lamb, William Hazlit t, Thomas De Quincey, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt; and the novelists Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, and Mary Shelley. The span between 1786 and the close of the eighteenth century was that of the Gothic romances by William Beckford, Matthew Gregory Lewis, William Godwin, and, above all, Anne Radcliffe. Victorian Period. The beginning of the Victorian Period is frequently dated 1830, or alternatively 1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), and sometimes 1837 (the accession of Queen Victoria); it extends to the death of Victoria in 1901.Historians often subdivide the long period into three phases: Early Victorian (to 1848), Mid-Victorian (1848-70), and Late Victorian (1870-1901). Much writing of the period, whether imaginative or didactic, in verse or in prose, dealt with or reflected the pressing social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems of that era. (For a summary of these issues, and also for the derogatory use of the term Victorian, see Victori an and Victorianism. ) Among the notable poets were Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Matthew Arnold, and Gerard Manley Hopkins (whose remarkably innovative poems, however, did not become known until they were published, long after his death, in 1918).The most prominent essayists were Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Arnold, and Walter Pater; the most distinguished of many excellent novelists (this was a great age of English prose fiction) were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, George Meredith, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and Samuel Butler. For prominent literary movements during the Victorian era, see the entries on Pre-Raphaelites, Aestheticism, and Decadence. Edwardian Period. The span between the death of Victoria (1901) and the beginning of World War I (1914) is named for King Edward VII, who reigned from 1901 to 1910.Poets writing at the time included Thomas Hardy (who gave up novels for poetry at the beginning of the century), Alfred Noyes, William Butler Yeats, and Rudyard Kipling; dramatists included Henry Arthur Jones, Arthur Wing Pinero, James Barrie, John Galsworthy, George Bernard Shaw, and the playwrights of the Celtic Revival such as Lady Gregory, Yeats, and John M. Synge. Many of the major achievements were in prose fiction— works by Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, and Henry James, who published his major final novels, The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl, between 1902 and 1904.Georgian Period is a term applied both to the reigns in England of the four successive Georges (1714-1830) and (more frequently) to the reign of George V (1910-36). Georgian poets usually designates a group of writers in the latter era who loomed large in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, which were published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Marsh favored writers we now tend to regard as relatively minor poets such as Rupert Brooke, Walter de la Mare, Ralph Hodgson, W. H. Davies, and John Masefield. The term Georgian poetry has come to connote verse which is mainly rural in subject matter, deft and delicate rather than bold and passionate in manner, and traditional rather than experimental in technique and form.Modern Period. The application of the term modern, of course, varies with the passage of time, but it is frequently applied specifically to the literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914; see modernism and postmodernism. This period has been marked by persistent and multidimensioned experiments in subject matter, form, and style, and has produced major achievements in all the literary genres. Among the notable writers are the poets W. B. Yeats, Wilfred Owen, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney; the novelists Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Doroth y Richardson, Virginia Woolf, ?. ?.Forster, Aldous Huxley, Graham Greene, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer; the dramatists G. ?. Shaw, Sean OCasey, Noel Coward, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Caryl Churchill, Brendan Behan, Frank McGuinness, and Tom Stoppard. The modern age was also an important era for literary criticism; among the innovative English critics were T. S. Eliot, I. A. Richards, Virginia Woolf, E R. Leavis, and William Empson. (See New Criticism. ) This entry has followed what has been the widespread practice of including under English literature writers in the English language from all the British Isles. A number of the authors listed above, were in fact natives of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.Of the Modern Period especially it can be said that much of the greatest English literature was written by the Irish writers Yeats, PERSONA, TONE, AND VOICE 21 7 Shaw, Joyce, OCasey, Beckett, Iris Murdoch, and Seamus Heaney. And in recent decades, some of the most notable lite rary achievements in the English language have been written by natives of recently liberated English colonies (who are often referred to as postcolonial authors)/ including the South Africans Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer, and Athol Fugard; the West Indians V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott; the Nigerians Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka; and the Indian novelists R. K. Narayan and Salman Rushdie. See postcolonial studies. The Postmodern Period is a name sometimes applied to the era after World War

Frankenstein Essay Example

Frankenstein Essay Example Frankenstein Essay Frankenstein Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Name: Course: Institution: Date: : Frankenstein The analysis of the different styles, techniques and structure of the novel Frankenstein will involve a synopsis of the book as well as the final letters written by Robert Walton. A detailed analysis of the narration technique and instances of changing information in the published works will make up the body of the essay. The essay will conclude with the writing styles and an in-depth understanding of the creature’s behavior. In Chapter 8 of the novel Frankenstein, the scene begins at a court proceeding. The whole of Victor’s family had been requested as witnesses, and he accompanied them as a formality. The case involved the death of William, Victor’s younger brother and a suspected assailant, a teenage girl who was falsely accused of murdering the child. Justine was brought in and questioned by the counsels on her whereabouts on the night of the murder. Her answers made her the most probable suspect. Her cousin Elizabeth even tried to ouch for her good conduct in court. Later, Justine confessed that she was the killer and when Victor and Elizabeth asked her why did this, she said the creature had tormented and threatened her into submission. Finally, Justine was sentenced to death. The remainders of Victor’s days are filled with remorse, guilt, and in the process, he develops a plan to go after the monster and kill it with the hope that it would redeem him of his sins. Walton’s final letter The final letter is part of a series of letters that continued the Frankenstein story later. In the letters, Walton becomes the narrator of the story. Robert Walton was an explorer who chanced upon Victor Frankenstein during his last hours and listened to his tales that he documented through letters. The series of letters discloses Victor’s regrets. He created the monster that caused rampage by killing nearly all his family members and neighbors. The letters also reveal Victor’s plan to hunt down and destroy the monster. Walton’s final letter, dated September 12, narrates Victor’s adamancy to staying in the inhospitable climate until he finished off his enemy. The stress and illness soon killed Victor just as the monster made its way into the ship. Victor’s final moments were shared by the monster who narrated to Victor how it began its reign of terror. At the end, the monster vows to retreat to the frozen north until he would die. Layering of narration The integration of the narration of the two parties within the novel by Mary Shelley displays a new method through which the reader can understand the main theme in the book to totality. The storyline as narrated by Victor and by the creature compliment each other in strengthening the theme intended by Shelley. The creature, on his part, expresses how it came into the world through the hands of Frankenstein. It narrates its first contact with man and the hostile reaction that it received that slowly cultivated the idea of being a monster to avenge these wrongs. Throughout the creature’s narration, the reader is allowed to view life from its perspective. Within Walton’s narration, there is clear evidence that he came across Victor’s notes concerning the monster. Walton, therefore, validates Victor’s story by carrying on the monster chase that was started by the creator. The narrative in Frankenstein shifts from Victor Frankenstein to Robert Walton to the monster and back to Walton. Each shift in perspective creates a new personality set and new information is provided. Each narrator gives information exclusive to him or her. Victor describes the creation of the monster, Walton explains the conditions of Victor’s last days, and the monster explains how he transformed to being evil. The duality in the narration also reflects the different perspectives that Victor and the monster have. From Victor’s perspective, the monster is a wicked and revolting creature while from the monster’s narration; we see that it is an emotional and thoughtful being. The recounting of William’s murder is the best example of the contrast between these two perspectives. While Victor, in his letter to his father, focuses on the beastly acts of the monster, the creature’s version states the emotional reason as to why he murdered William. In doing so, the reader can understand the actions of the monster even if one cannot sympathize with him. Using a dual narrative style, the reader gets the opportunity to understand events from two perspectives that eventually shape their opinions of each character. This style may also be somewhat confusing as alternates the narrators between scenes or chapters but serves as a good technique in enabling one to comprehend the no vel as a whole. Instances of Victor’s editing and revision of Walton’s letters Some of the comments noted down as Victor’s such as the famous inspiration quote that stated: â€Å"Inspirited by this wind of promise, my daydreams become more fervent and vivid† might have easily been Walton’s words. The trend with which the production of Frankenstein found itself as a novel was somewhat questionable. The story started as a letter to his sister, Saville and to his journal, to transcripts and lastly, as a publication. The similarity that exists in the character traits between Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein might have extended to their works of literature. They showed strong similarities in the correction, in later volumes. The usage of certain words within the story in the context in which it was written were later changed either by Victor himself, Walton or the later publishers. Words such as â€Å"terrific†, â€Å"awful† and â€Å"wonderful† meant different things during the time of their usage. These words were la ter on changed to make the publication maintain its credibility and meaning. Word choice, language, voice, and audience Within the novel, the author uses basic words and sentences to bring out the message. The complexity within the work of Mary Shelley is clearly lacking. Frankenstein’s creation was not the real monster. Although the creature had much gruesome behavior, it nevertheless harbored human-like characteristics that cannot be ignored. The narrator within the chapter is Victor Frankenstein, and he gave his own opinion of the creation of the monster. In doing so, the reader sees the highlighted monstrosity of the creature. This creates a bias towards agreeing with Victor that the creature was one that even â€Å"Dante could not have conceived†. The choice of diction in the introduction of the creature when the narrator says that it was created on a dreary night in November shows that Frankenstein was only concerned about the monster and not the consequences it would have on him and his family. The reference to certain gothic features such as the pattering of rain and pitch darkness brought up a psychic feeling. This technique is used in Frankenstein to mark the beginning of a new era in which Victor and his monster world terrorize the world. The author’s choice of phraseology that described the monster is important. Instead of accounting for the detailed moments when Frankenstein witnessed the creature awakening, the author uses certain phrases like its dull yellow eye opened, and that it breathed hard and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. Frankenstein was portrayed as having lustrous black hair and teeth of a pearly whiteness as well as watery eyes. The intention was to bring out the monster in the creature ba sed on the creature alone. The language used by the monster presented to the reader an almost civilized and human creature. The creature displayed confusion that might be mistaken for monstrosity by the audience. The humanity of the creature is further illustrated when he first wakes up and greets Frankenstein with a grin that indicates no sign of monstrosity. The other part of the narration is taken up by Victor Frankenstein. Victor engages on a similar story as that of the creature although he narrates it from the other perspective. Victor describes the character change in the monster from the time of creation to the moment it started turning against people and harming them. The narration by Victor offered a far more detailed experience as it associates itself with the way in which the majority of people react to a monster. The novel Frankenstein provides the reader with a great variety when it comes to narration. The complex narrative system rotates around Robert Walton, Victor and the monster. These three main characters share different levels of audience with each other and the reader. There are at least four levels of audiences in the novel. Walton, Saville and his companions share a first audience as they communicate through the letters that readers can also view. Victor and Walton share a first audience while the two and Saville share a second audience when they discuss the idea of creating and hunting down the monster. Lastly, the De Laceys, the monster and Frankenstein share a first audience while the two, Walton and Seville share a third and fourth audience. The readers belong in the last group of audiences. Understanding of the Creature’s character From the onset, the creation of the monster by Victor Frankenstein displayed an inclination to regard the outcome as inhuman. The monster was created from an assembly of dead body parts and chemicals. The monster was immediately abandoned by his master that forced him to a lonely life away from family or any other form of companionship. This early neglect by Victor Frankenstein was one of the causes of the behavior change in the monster. The monster narrates how he sought companionship among other human beings who rejected him in the same way that he was rejected by his master. In return, the monster swore he would avenge all the pain he had experienced. Viewing the novel from Victor’s perspective, a reader might be mistaken that his creation was a purely evil monster. Contrary to what was emotionally portrayed by Victor to be a monster, the creature in Frankenstein provided a more humane side of himself in his narration. The creature exhibits sensitivity in the way he handles the different human beings that he meets on the countryside. The drowning girl and young William Frankenstein were perfect examples of how sensitive the creature was. After realizing that human beings despised him, the creature narrated how he mourned silently and yearned for a friend. The creature was also extremely benevolent as he assisted a group of poor peasants by providing logs for firewood and water. The behavior change by the creature that turned him into a monster can be attributed to several factors. From the narration by Victor Frankenstein, the society treated the creature as an outcast and an evil being. His attempts at making peace with men were met with outright resistance and hatred. The creature was, therefore, harboring vengeful thoughts as the same society that begot him now rejected him. When he met a young child whom he thought would be neutral and non-judgmental, he realized that this was not true when his purported child friend turned against him. From that moment, he vowed to avenge all the suffering, discomfort and rejection that human being had subjected him. This can be understood as a reaction to a change in the social environment and not the creature’s ordinary character traits. .

Matisse, Kandinsy, Dix, Duchamp, Dali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Matisse, Kandinsy, Dix, Duchamp, Dali - Essay Example Composition VII is a complex painting on a grand scale. The abstract name suggests how the painter is attempting to draw parallels to musical symphonies. Kandinsy’s close friendship with music composer Schoenberg further bears out this hypothesis. Just as Schoenberg’s music is typified by its atonality, Kandinsy’s work creates a similar mood. This affective mood is achieved through the use of dissonant colors, shapes and object orientations. This very abstract work raises suggestions of chaos and doom. Produced before the break of the First World War, it could be taken as a harbinger of events to unfold. But the underlying message seems to be that destruction is followed by renewal. Invoking Christian symbolism, Kandinsy is perhaps implying the great hope that lies beyond impending apocalypse. In sum, the painting is intriguing and intellectually satisfying. No other painter captured the horrors of war as Otto Dix had done. Based on his first hand experiences dur ing the First World War, Dix produced some of the most vivid, graphic and provocative war sceneries ever. Where it suits him, Dix abstracts the idea of destruction into various manifestations. Though his images belong to what he saw during the Great War, it could equally apply to any war ever fought. This is so because human suffering is a constant across wars of various epochs. As one of the paintings sadly conveys, it is worms which are the real winners in any war. Dix also captured the cultural atmosphere during the inter-war years.

White Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

White Paper - Assignment Example Therefore, nurses are advised on how to avoid misuse of social media. Misuse would result into a compromised quality of their service delivery (Gagnon & Sabus, 2015). The white paper puts emphasis on the fact that patients’ personal treatment history should be safeguarded by nurses. The information can only be shared for medical purposes with the consent of the patient. Therefore, social media should not be used as a platform for sharing private medical information inappropriately. The health Act on Insurance Portability and Accountability gives the necessary guidance on patient privacy regulations (Hader & Brown, 2010). The white paper is a major boost to the efforts of the policy to improve health care service quality and safety. If the provisions of the paper are adhered to, the management and safe-keeping of patient records will improve. Breach of patient confidentiality will be avoided and good professional conduct will be a major code of operation. If nurses pay attention to their conduct, the services they provide will meet the standards that satisfies patients. Consequently, the quality of health care service will be improved (Henderson & Dahnke,

He Formation and Social Function of English Euphemisms Essay Example for Free

He Formation and Social Function of English Euphemisms Essay As an indispensable and natural part of English language, English euphemisms have existed for a long time.The appearance of everything, including euphemism, has its reasons.The emergence of English euphemisms has a close relation with language taboos and religion. Since English euphemisms play an important role in social communication, they worth careful and thorough study. This paper will mainly deal with the formation, classification and social function of English euphemisms. Introduction English euphemisms are almost employed in all fields of life such as in the field of daily life, in the field of education, in the field of law, in the field of politics, and in the field of commerce and industry. The function of English euphemisms is diversified. Besides evasion, English euphemisms now are also used for evasion, politeness, elegance. Formation ‘Euphemism’comes from the Greek ‘eu’ (good) and ‘phemism’ (speech) and thus means mans literally ‘to speak’ with good words or in a pleasant manner .Originally, offering sacrifices to gods, old Greeks used words of good omen, that is euphemisms as a rule. It is exemplified in the ancient Greek terms for the Furiesthe Eumenides or Erinyes. According to Neaman’s (1990)argument: Generally speaking, euphemizing is defined as substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit, offensive one, thereby veneering the truth by using kind words(P1). Euphemism is prevalent in human society, a linguistic phenomenon is the use of language is an important means of regulating interpersonal relationships, its use has an important social function.Such as interpersonal communication in the ceremonial functions, functions of deception to cover up the truth, and human Ironically function. Social function English euphemisms have great social significance and practical significance in purifying language, promoting human relation and embellishing professions to seek for the ideology of fair competition. As Liu Chunbao(1994)claims: Need is the mother of invention. The creation and formation of euphemisms is closely related to the needs of people, such as social communication, interest, reflection of values and mentality. Furthermore, these needs also give rise to their various social functions. In order to establish good social relation, people use euphemisms to make what they want to say more pleasant. So they become an important means in communication (P10). 1. For evasion Since death is inevitable, it has become the fear of all human being. In early time, people seldom mentioned death directly because they were superstitious about it. They believed that death was a devil that can hear human’s voice. So if you speak of it, it will appear. Thus, there were many euphemisms about the word â€Å"die† such as â€Å"breathe one’s last† and â€Å"join the majority†. 2 For politeness The Pursuit of beauty is the nature of human being. Beauty helps one feel confident while ugliness makes one have a sense of inferiority. So it is impolite even offensive to say someone is ugly directly. When people want to express someone is ugly, they usually say â€Å"He is plain looking† or â€Å"She is not pretty†, etc. With the improvement of living standard, more and more people have a weight problem. Various products of losing weight flood into the market for being too fat is not only a problem of appearance but also a problem of health. Obesity brings inconvenience as well as the risk of many diseases. Therefore, there are a lot of euphemisms about fatness like â€Å"plump†, â€Å"chubby† or â€Å"tubby†, etc. â€Å"Skinny† is another unpleasant word. No one likes to be described as â€Å"skinny†, but they will be really pleased when they hear others describe them as â€Å"slim† or â€Å"slender†. 3.For elegance Excrement is a disgusting topic in polite conversation. They are avoided by means of euphemisms. â€Å"Defecation† refers to one of the sickest elements in the world. When you go to see a doctor for a stomach upset, the doctor will ask you, â€Å"How is your bowel movement?† And if he wants to have a further examination, he will need a specimen of your manure. If someone rounds his thumb and index finger up to form the letter â€Å"C† with other fingers stretching out, he wants to go to W.C. There are other expressions having the same meaning, like â€Å"to sing a song†, â€Å"to see the moon†, â€Å"answer the nature’s call†, â€Å"do one’s business† or simply â€Å" Excuse me†. Conclusion: Based on the comparative study above made, euphemisms are more popular not only for the historical reasons, but also the needs of times. Lin Zhenyue(1994) notes: Euphemisms may be based on different cultures and histories, the psychological and linguistic patterns underlying their formation are the same. Psychologically, if not linguistically, meaning can be defined as the sum of our responses to a word or an object. Words themselves may be seen as responses to stimuli. After a word has been associated for a long period of time with the stimulus that provokes it, the word itself picks up aspects of the response elicited by the stimulus object(P59).

Human-Animal Relationships :: Essays Papers

Human-Animal Relationships Animals can be perceived in many different ways. While some humans consider animals to be mindless machines programmed with instinct, others view them as spiritual creatures capable of coherent thought and emotions. I feel that animals are somewhere in the middle. Although they rely heavily on instinct, the ability to feel emotions shows that their mental capacity is not far from that of a human. Since animals, especially dogs, share similar emotions as people they to make great companions. Animals do show us how to love better, because their emotions are more pure than a human's. According to Mary Lou Randour, in "What Animals Can Teach Us About Spirituality", animals are spiritual companions to humans. She tells the story of a boy who, after murdering someone, receives a dog to care for as a form of therapy. The dog comforts him, and the teenager learns to love the animal over time. The boy's pet is "healing his soul" by teaching him how to love. Dogs give their masters unconditional love, never questioning the human's orders or disciplines. I thought the story of the dog appearing in the author's backyard as her dead grandfather was rather outlandish. All of Randour's examples of how animals influence our feelings were viable aside from the disappearing ghost dog. Although their minds are not as advanced as a human's, animals are still capable of thought. Frans de Waal, author of "The Whole Animal", feels that humans and animals are closely related, through anthropomorphism. I agree with anthropomorphism, but not with anthropodenial. I also disagree with Rene Descartes' statement that animals are machines, because just as humans have different individual personalities, animals of the same species also have different behavioral characteristics. For example, some cats are arrogant and rude, while others are kind and playful, just like people. Georgia, the chimpanzee who spit water on unsuspecting visitors, did not do this out of instinct. Instinct would have told her to swallow the water.

How to Get a Fit Body

Stop moaning about being overweight and get moving! Everyone cares about their health but to be fit lots of hard work is required. To approve your aim, you must follow three difficult but necessary steps. Willpower, eating less and excercising daily are the most important things that you can do for ensure beautiful body. Belief in yourself is the first step to be fit. As we know doing nothing and just stupidly dreaming can’t help you with your plans. And of course you will waste your time. Firstly what you can do is to be confident that you will fulfill your aim. And of course if you begin to doubt you must submit all the advantages which could help you to support your body in balance. After all if you don’t do that it will be hard to continue your right way to be healthy and refuse to eat the sweets. One of the main responsibilities on diet is to restrict yourself from fatty food and sweets. The menu must be followed in all cases because you might not have another chance to make it up. Make sure you eat right and systematically because your body has adapt this kind of regime it is important for your health especially for strength. And if by any chance you still seem to be lazy to do that, then just shut your mouth. If you eat a lot, it certainly will be very dangerous and very difficult to lose weight by sport. The most effective way of burning calories is by excercising daily. By this man removes all shortcomings from the different part of body. You can have strengthen muscles, long beautiful legs and of course six or eight packs. That’s sounds great! Don’t lie front of the TV, don’t be so lazy and gloomy everything is possible to change in our world. Healthy diet is the best way to be fit. It is very important in our life because today people have a lot of different illnesses which can lead to death. It is very pity everyone can cure himself but not everyone can care about it. You need just think about. These advices will help you to be more satisfied and happy. Just belief yourself, eat more fruits and vegetables and do some sport. That’s all you need for perfect life. Take care!

The Seriousness of in Shakespeares Comedy of Errors...

The Seriousness of The Comedy of Errors The Comedy of Errors has often been dismissed as a mere farce, unworthy of any serious attention. Yet, when the author is Shakespeare, even a farce is well worth a second look. Shakespeare himself may have takent his comedic work quite seriously, for audiences expected comedy of his day not only to entertain, but also to morally instruct. It is not surprising, therefore, that for one of his earliest comedies, Shakespeare found a model in the plays of Plautus and Terence, which were studied in all Elizabethan Grammar Schools, praised by schoolmasters, and critically respectable. (Muir 3) The Menaechmi was the first Plautus play to appear in translation, and was a popular†¦show more content†¦The scholarly use of the classic comedies came not without controversy. These texts became well marked sites of ideological struggle (4). Not every educator was convinced that the works of these playwrights, who display so zestfully lust, avarice, and deceit (4) were suitable for impressionable young students. Yet others, pointing out such edifying cases as Messenio warning his master about the peril of fallen women in The Menaechmi (Riehle 34), emphasized the moral utility of the texts (Muir 4-5). One Sir Thomas Elyot argued eloquently that the comedies were a picture or as it were a mirrour of mans life, wherein iuell is nat taught but discouered; to the intent that men beholdynge the promptnes of youth into vice, the snares of harlotts and baudes laide for yonge myndes, the disceipts of seruantes, the chaunces of fortune contrary to mennes expectation, they being thereof warned may prepare them selfe to resist or preuente occasion. Semblably remembring the wisedomes, aduertisements, consailes, dissuasion from vice, and other profitable sentences, most eloquently and familiarely shewed in those comedies, undoubtedly there shall be no little frute out of them gathered. The works of Plautus and Terence were considered just as useful as dramatic models as they were academic primers. Renaissance critics felt that comedy, as well as tragedy, should mingle moral instruction with delight (Muir 3). As the inheritors of aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Menaechmus And Comedy Of Errors955 Words   |  4 PagesBrothers Menaechmus and Comedy of Errors Titus Maccius Pluatus moved to Rome from Umbria as a young boy. In the early 200s B.C.E, he began adapting Greek comedies into plays meant for a Roman audience. Plautus’ The Brothers of Menaechmus, became a source for Shakespeare’s’ play, Comedy of Errors. Shakespeare expands the story line of The Brothers of Menaechmus for his Comedy of Errors. 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