The Effects Of Blood Doping On Professional Sports

The phenomenon of the blood doping in professional sports is not new; however, it remains prevalent in sports culture. With new techniques being designed to avoid detection, it could be argued that the prohibition of sports enhancing drugs in the professional sports mirror the prohibition of alcohol, making for unsafe, unsanitary and black market drug erupt. Instead of prohibition, could the professional sports community limitations in order to better allocate their money? There are great incentives to use blood doping techniques with little by way of repercussions. Blood doping is a process intended to boost athlete’s performance by increasing the body’s ability to filter more oxygen to the muscles. This is done by increasing the hemoglobin which is the body’s transportation of oxygen to red blood cells (Webmd). The higher the hemoglobin contents in the blood the higher the oxygen amount being transported to the muscle for the purposes recovery. Most common activities blood doping is found in includes long distance activities such as marathon running and cycling, as blood doing is thought to improve stamina (Webmd). There are multiple types of blood doping such as; blood transfusions, erythropoietin injections (EPO) and synthetic oxygen carriers. There are two forms of blood transfusions. The first type is Autologous Transfusions, which is the process of removing one’s own blood and storing it for future use. Whereas the other, Homologous transfusions is the process ofShow MoreRelatedShould Sports Doping Be Doping?1578 Words   |  7 Pages Doping in sports. At present, the problem of the use of doping by athletes is acute for professional sports. The solution of this task immediately entails chain of related questions: how to improve the system of doping control, what drugs to prohibit to use, what measures to show to athletes who violated the rules.But what do we know about doping, in addition, what do the media and the people profit from it? Looking at the situation of modern sports on the other hand, itRead MoreSteroids and Sports Don’t Mix Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe problems of doping in sports began to surface in the late 1950s, because of rumors that coaches were allowing players to use performance-enhancing drugs. The 1956 Olympic Games where plagued with athletes using performance-enhancing drugs, so countries began to speak out against the harm that drugs were causing to the athletes and the sport (6 Anonymous). Long-term use of performance-enhancing drugs will destroy athletes bodies. Doping is the use of illegal substances that is harmful toRead MoreBlood Doping : Can We Beat It?1347 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Doping: Can We Beat It? All humans, no matter what religion, skin color, age, or gender, have blood streaming through out our bodies. Blood rushes oxygen around the body, pulls carbon dioxide out of the body, sends white blood cells to fight illness and infection, is produced in the bone marrow, carries platelets and fibers that close up wounds, and comes in the types A, B, AB, and O, with type O being a universal blood donor. Blood is not just imperative, it is irreplaceable. Doctors canRead MoreShould Blood Doping Be Illegal or Legal in Sports?1499 Words   |  6 Pagescreate ways to become the best in his/her competitive sports; especially when one have to use a lot of endurance and energy to win. In order to be the best you have to put in the work. Some athletes do it the hard way, such as eating healthy, exercising and training. Others use the easy way out, engaging with steroids, enhancements, and blood doping to get ahead of the competition. Many professional athletes have taken to the practice of blood doping in order to gain a competitive edge in their fieldRead MorePreventing PEDs in Professional Sports Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesThe use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) among athletes in professional sports has caused an outrage all around the world for many years. The use of PEDs not only affects the athlete that chooses to use them, but also the athletes they are competing against, other teams, and the team or country they are representing (â€Å"Survey Reveals†). It is important for athletes to maintain a good reputation in competition, because they need to represent their team in a positive manner and not create suspicionRead MoreThe Greatest Cycling Doping Scheme Fell Apart Around The Ringleader Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2012 the greatest cycling doping scheme fell apart around the ringleader, Lance Armstrong. He was called a cheat, bully, and stripped of all seven of his consecutive Tour De France yellow jerseys. At the heart of all of this was a drug called EPO and a method called blood doping. In an investigation by the International Cycling Union (UCI) they found that the period between 1990 and 2000 to as an â€Å"epo epidemic† (Lodewijkx 3). And even now dozens of professional athletes get banned over the u seRead MoreThe Legalization Of Steroids Should Be Beneficial For The World Of Sport1226 Words   |  5 Pagesphysique. Steroids are illegal and are strongly discouraged to be used and may be seen first expressed during high school with the introduction of organized sport teams. The perspective against the legalization of steroids believes in the many benefits of legalization. The perspective for the legalization of steroid expresses the harmful effects of steroids. My view of the subject is that I am against the legalization of steroids. The perspective for the legalization of steroids believes in benefitsRead MoreDoping And Performance Enhancing Drugs1262 Words   |  6 Pagesadmitted to doping during his professional cycle careers. He joins other great names; such as Tyson Gay, Mark McGwire, Barry Bonds, and Alex Rodriguez; all great athletes who have had their reputations tarnished by using performance enhancing drugs (sometimes shortened to PEDs). In his interview with Opera Winfrey, Armstrong stated that â€Å"I didn t view [doping] [as cheating]. I viewed it as a level playing field† (Lance). With this statement, Armstrong is declaring that many professional cyclists andRead MoreErythropoietin : Is It Worth It?1542 Words   |  7 Pageslevels in the blood. When oxygen levels are too low, EPO is released and stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells. Often times a low oxygen level in the blood can indicate that a person has anemia, which is a â€Å"condition in which the blood is defi cient in red blood cells†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Merriam-Webster, 2017). Although it created an impressive annual sale, it quickly became used as a doping method for many athletes (Easton, 2010). It’s been almost 20 years since the first EPO doping scandal occurredRead MoreNegative Effects Of Doping In Sport974 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance are continually tempted to use illicit drugs to gain competitive advantage and to aid recovery from training and injuries. Doping in sport can affect performance, destroy reputations, impact friends, families, teams and community support. Doping is defined as the administration of drugs to an animal or person in order to enhance sporting performance. Doping has been traced all the way back to 393 BC when Ancient Greeks used substances to improve their performance in the Greek Olympics. Although

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by...

The Significance of Letters in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Letters play a very important role in Pride and Prejudice. They can link the story because letters provide information which we would not have found out from the dialogue between the characters. We an also find out extra background information which can help with the readers understanding of characters, the plot and the novel in general. Letters can reveal characters personalities and how they feel about the other characters in the novel, for example Miss Bingleys feelings about Jane. Letters are used as a dramatic device in Pride and Prejudice to further the plot, link the story and to inform the readers of the characters†¦show more content†¦(vol 2 chapter 3.) The letter from Caroline to Jane, informing her that they have gone to stay in London, splits up Jane and the Bingleys. It also moves the story to a different location, therefore it furthers the plot. Miss Caroline Bingley is shown to be extremely insincere in the way she writes her letter. Jane Bennet?s letter also helps to further the plot. It reveals Jane?s character and personality. She writes to her sister, Elizabeth Bennet explaining their younger sister?s elopement with Mr Wickham. This letter shows the strong relationship which the two sisters have, we can see this from the way which Jane tried not to alarm Lizzy. But Im afraid of alarming you?be assured we are all well, what I have to say relates to poor Lydia. This letter also shows Jane?s forgiving personality towards situations like these, because she is simply thinking of Lydia, not about herself like Kitty and Mrs Bennet were doing. Lizzy is very different to her sister. She is very quick witted and makes judgments without knowing the entire story or knowing the person very well. Lizzie makes opinions and tends to stick with them, even when she starts to know the person. This is shown in the case of Mr Darcey. At first sight, Elizabeth believes him to be a proud, rude man. She continues with these thoughts throughout the novel untilShow MoreRelatedComparative Study: Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice1502 Words   |  7 Pagesportrayed in Pride and Prejudice are creatively reshaped in Letters to Alice. The two texts, Letters to Alice and Pride and Prejudice, mirror and contrast the central values shared and explored by evaluating them; presenting them against Jane Austens context and that of Fay Weldon. Mirroring Austens novel, Weldon presents the central values for women such as the social values of moral behaviour, independence, and, literary values of reading and writing, from Pride and Prejudice and adapts themRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen994 Words   |  4 Pages8/24/15 Pride and Prejudice Letter Analysis In Jane Austen s dialogue heavy novel Pride and Prejudice, much of each page is consumed by in depth conversations between her characters; only infrequently does she break to a narrative to make asides about the story. With a style of writing such as this, it is quite difficult as a writer to portray the private inner thoughts of characters. In order to provide this necessary element of inner character thought, Jane Austen makes use of written letters to revealRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Half Half There is a second title to the novel Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. Jane Austen did not initially call the book title Pride and Prejudice but rather called it First Impressions. Although this book initially had a different title, they both have a significance at two different halves of the book.The initial title First Impressions that Austen gave to the book is dominantly reflected throughout the beginning. As the novel progresses towardsRead MoreEssay about A Sense of Place in Austens Pride and Prejudice1450 Words   |  6 PagesA Sense of Place in Austens Pride and Prejudice It is interesting to observe Dictionary.coms definition of the word place in relation to person. Especially when it comes to Pride and Prejudice, where Austen has made great use of the objective correlative technique, in which many, if not all, of her settings considerably reflect the characteristics of their owners. She additionally employs several other techniques regarding the sense of place in her novel, which are important notRead MorePride Prejudice Literature Analysis1311 Words   |  6 Pagesare about to spend their time reading about. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is an example of a novel with such a title that is very significant in the development of the story. As the reader proceeds through the book, the significance of the title becomes more obvious. Using only three words, Austen is able to tie together the main components of the novel, such as character descriptions and a basic plot summary. The title Pride and Prejudice is effective in narrowing down all words usedRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1693 Words   |  7 Pagesand attributes presented. Jane Austen’s 1813 novel Pride and Prejudice and Fay Weldon’s 1993 epistolary text Letters to Alice, both challenge the worth of their time as contexts change, but values are upheld. Weldon’s reflection on Austen’s nineteenth century environment, conveys to responders how marriage, gender roles and social class continue to be relevant issues in both regency times and the modern world. Through witnessing Aunt fay’s commentaries on the world of Austen, responders are providedRead MoreSatire in Jane Austens Pride in Prejudice Essay3688 Words   |  15 PagesJane Austen’s Satirical Writing: Analyzing the Satire of Social Class Within Pride and Prejudice    Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice delves into the issue of why social standing in a society based solely on class should not be the most important thing when evaluating the worth of a person. Through several different literary techniques – such as letters and abundant focalizers – Austen conveys important information about key issues she has with the significance placed on social standing. The themeRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice2529 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Jane Austen’s novels are known for not only being enthralling but also as characteristic of British society in the nineteenth century. Her novels present a compelling view on the historical, psychological, and sociological issues woven into the plots that are ironic and, farce, and versatile characters. One of Jane Austen’s most appreciated novels Pride and Prejudice illustrates the topic that I will explore in my extended essay, which is the male domain versus the female one. In orderRead MoreCharacter Analysis : Pride And Prejudice 1160 Words   |  5 PagesSeema Sabbagh Mr. Clark AP Literature, 6th 11/10/14 Pride and Prejudice 2002 - Morally ambiguous characters -- characters whose behavior discourages readers from identifying them as purely evil or purely good -- are at the heart of many works of literature. Choose a novel or play in which a morally ambiguous character plays a pivotal role. Then write an essay in which you explain how the character can be viewed as morally ambiguous and why his or her moral ambiguity is significant to the work asRead MorePride And Prejudice By Jane Austen1176 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout all of Jane Austen’s writing, she uses metaphors as a representation of the societal values and culture she was undergoing in real life. Austen lived in a period where gender roles were definite and followed. Finding a suitable husband to depend on for a secure future was the sole purpose for daughters in the family. These circumstances were conventional, and for the most part, not questioned. Though, Austen had a voice that she wanted to share, so she used symbolism to minim ize the provocative

Liberal Arts Letter From Birmingham Jail - Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theLiberal Arts for Letter from Birmingham Jail. Answer: Introduction The Letter from Birmingham Jail comes as a response from Martin Luther King Jr to the Call for Unity clergymen. The letter in a much open manner defends the nonviolent resistance of the Black or Afro Americans against racism. Hitting on the religious approach Martin Luther King Jr declares that people have a moral responsibility to break laws that supports inequality or racism and take direct action against the laws instead of waiting for legal justice (Rieder, 2014). Martin Luther King since the beginning had a great fame as an orator. Depending much on the oratory skills and religious sensibility Martin Luther justifies their (the Afro-American) stand Birmingham movement, which was brought out much on the ethical and moral ground to strengthen the laws and rights of the black people in America. The following paper through a detailed background and literary analysis tends to find the justification of the Letter from Birmingham Jail. At the same time the essay delves deep to analyze and find out the strengths and weaknesses of the following text. The letter contains in it both the qualities of strength and weaknesses. Being a response, the letter clearly explains that Martin Luther King has read the statements of the clergymen who call him to be an outsider (King Jr, 2012). The letter vastly hits on the points of racism, extremism against the black youths, religion, civility, and over all humanity. The greatest strength of the letter lies in the oratory approach of Martin Luther King and the strikes he puts on the clergymen and indirectly to the White nation. At the same time, in a much polite yet firm manner, King brings out the issues of social legal and political obstacles of a Negro in their own land (King Jr, 1963). The issues count to be the greatest strong points in the letter for the letter shakes the religious bases of the state and truly to focus on the religious bases of Christianity itself. Christianity encourages equality for every race: There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus (Bible, 2015). Thus, King questions the clergymen on their religious grounds regarding inequality. He goes on mentioning about the religious leaders who call upon their worshipers to comply with a desegregation decision because it is the law (King Jr, 2012). Luther as he mentions, longs to hear the white ministers to talk about the equality of the Negros. At the same time, Luther attacks the institution of religion attacKing more the clergymen on ethical grounds. The unethical practices of the time was a common phenomena of the then contemporary period, as he mentions of his experience of churches, committing themselves to an absolute different religion than the one they preach, which eventually created a distinction between bodies and souls, the sacred and the secular (King Jr, 2012). On the grounds of social and legal convention King retaining their position of non violence puts the aggressive stand of the state much to the place of Hitler and his anti-Jewish policies and the position of Hungarian freedom fighter to be illegal for they stood out for their right. Thus King in a much polite and orated manner put the state in the position of autocrats along with the clergymen to be much of hypocrites of a state where it can be termed illegal to stand for their rights (Apsel, 2015 ). The situation remained same for more than hundred years as Martin Luther King Jr mentions in his I Have A Dream Speech that it is when one hundred years have passed and still there is a reserved segregation and discrimination for the Negros. It is still this day when a Negro lives a life of dire poverty in a land of plentitude. They are lonely in a populated city. King highlights on the point that no such difference has been mad ein the passing hundred years for till this day the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land (King jr, 1963). Nevertheless, despite the strong and burning arguments, the text contains weak points as well and the most highlighting weakness the letter can ever possess is the self containing emotionalism (Mott, 1975). The nonviolent yet confrontational stand of the Blacks was much generated from the emotional approach of Martin Luther King Jr. the letter reflects the emotional attitude as well. However, in an already hostile state, emotional expression is nothing but a sign of weakness. Throughout the letter the expression of such emotionalism or weakness as the state would see it, can dilute much of the texts expected effects on the state. However, to conclude it may be said that the Letter from Birmingham Jail is rich in its arguments and standpoints when it comes to terms with the confrontation of the white nationalists and religious leaders (clergymen), however despite its strengths and weaknesses Letter from Birmingham Jail still remains one of the best pieces of works in literary and political history. Reference: Apsel, J. (2015). Martin Luther King, Jr.,Letter from a Birmingham Jail and Nonviolent Social Transformation.Great Books Written in Prison: Essays on Classic Works from Plato to Martin Luther King, Jr, 230. Bible, K. J. (2015). King James Bible Online. King Jr, M. L. (2012). Letter from Birmingham jail.Liberating faith: Religious voices for justice, peace, ecological wisdom, 177-187. King, M. L. (1963). " I Have a Dream" Speech. Mott, W. T. (1975). The Rhetoric of Martin Luther King, Jr.: Letter from Birmingham Jail.Phylon (1960-),36(4), 411-421. Nelsen, H. M., Yokley, R. L., Nelsen, A. K. (1971).The black church in America. Basic Books (AZ). Rieder, J. (2014).Gospel of Freedom: Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Letter from Birmingham Jail and the Struggle that Changed a Nation. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Periods of English Literature Essay Example

Periods of English Literature Essay For convenience of discussion, historians divide the continuity of English literature into segments of time that are called periods. The exact number, dates, and names of these periods vary,but the list below conforms to widespread practice. The list is followed by a brief comment on each period, in chronological order. 450-1066 Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) Period 1066-1500 Middle English Period 1500-1660 The Renaissance (or Early Modern) 1558-1603 Elizabethan Age 603-1625 Jacobean Age 1625-1649 Caroline Age 1649-1660 Commonwealth Period (or Puritan Interregnum) 1660-1785 The Neoclassical Period 1660-1700 The Restoration 1700-1745 The Augustan Age (or Age of Pope) 1745-1785 The Age of Sensibility (or Age of Johnson) 1785-1830 The Romantic Period 1832-1901 The Victorian Period 1848-1860 The Pre-Raphaelites 1880-1901 Aestheticism and Decadence 1901-1914 The Edwardian Period 1910-1936 The Georgian Period 1914- The Modern Period 1945- PostmodernismThe Old English Period, or the Anglo-Sa xon Period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature. (See oral formulaic poetry. A high level of culture and learning was soon achieved in various monasteries; the eighth-century churchmen Bede and Alcuin were major scholars who wrote in Latin, the standard language of international scholarship. The poetry written in the vernacular Anglo-Saxon, known also as Old English, included Beowulf (eighth century), the greatest of Germanic epic poems, and such lyric laments as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and Deor, all of which, though composed by Christian writers, reflect the conditions of life in the pagan past.Caedmon and Cy newulf were poets who wrote on biblical and religious themes, and there survive a number of Old English lives of saints, sermons, and paraphrases of books of the Bible. Alfred the Great, a West Saxon king (871-99) who for a time united all the kingdoms of southern England against a new wave of Germanic invaders, the Vikings, was no less important as a patron of literature than as a warrior. He himself translated into Old English various books of Latin prose, supervised translations by other hands, and instituted the Anglo- Saxon Chronicle, a continuous record, year by year, of important events in England.See H. M. Chadwick, The Heroic Age (1912); S. B. Greenfield, A Critical History of Old English Literature (1965); C. L. Wrenn, A Study of Old English Literature (1966). Middle English Period. The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary langu age (deriving from the dialect of the London area) had become recognizably modern English—that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.The span from 1100 to 1350 is sometimes discriminated as the Anglo- Norman Period, because the non-Latin literature of that time was written mainly in Anglo-Norman, the French dialect spoken by the invaders who had established themselves as the ruling class of England, and who shared a literary culture with French-speaking areas of mainland Europe. Among the important and influential works from this period are Marie de Frances Lais (c. 1180—which may have been written while Marie was at the royal court in England), Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meuns Roman de la Rose (12257-75? , and Chretien de Troyes Erec et Enide (the first Arthurian romance, C. 1165) and Yvain (c. 1177-81). When the native vernacular—descended from Anglo-Saxon, but with extensive lexical and syntactic elements assimilated from Anglo-Norman, and known as middle English—came into general literary use, it was at first mainly the vehicle for religious and homiletic writings. The first great age of primarily secular literature—rooted in the Anglo-Norman, French, Irish, and Welsh, as well as the native English literature—was the second half of the fourteenth century.This was the age of Chaucer and John Gower, of William Langlands great religious and satirical poem Piers Plowman, and of the anonymous master who wrote four major poems in complex alliterative meter, including Pearl, an elegy, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. This last work is the most accomplished of the English chivalric romances; the most notable prose romance was Thomas Malorys Morte dArthur, written a century later. The outstanding poets of the fifteenth century were the Scottish Chaucerians, who included King James I of Scotland and Robert Henryson.The fifteenth century was more important for popular literature than for the artful lit erature addressed to the upper classes: it was the age of many excellent songs, secular and religious, and of folk ballads, as well as the flowering time of the miracle and morality plays, which were written and produced for the general public. See W. L. Renwick and H. Orton, The Beginnings of English Literature to Skelton (rev. , 1952); H. S. Bennett, Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century (1947); Edward Vasta, ed. , Middle English Survey: Critical Essays (1965). The Renaissance, 1500-1660.There is an increasing use by historians of the term early modern to denote this era: see the entry Renaissance. Elizabethan Age. Strictly speaking, the period of the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603); the term Elizabethan, however, is often used loosely to refer to the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, even after the death of Elizabeth. This was a time of rapid development in English commerce, maritime power, and nationalist feeling—the defeat of the Spanish Armada occurred in 158 8. It was a great (in drama the greatest) age of English literature—the age of Sir Philip Sidney, Christopher Marlowe,Edmund Spenser, Shakespeare, Sir Walter Raleigh, Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, and many other extraordinary writers of prose and of dramatic, lyric, and narrative poetry. A number of scholars have looked back on this era as one of intellectual coherence and social order; an influential example was E. M. W. Tillyards The Elizabethan World Picture (1943). Recent historical critics, however, have emphasized its intellectual uncertainties and political and social conflicts; see new historicism. Jacobean Age. The reign of James I (in Latin, Jacobus), 1603-25, which followed that of Queen Elizabeth.This was the period in prose writings of Bacon, John Donnes sermons, Robert Burtons Anatomy of Melancholy, and the King James translation of the Bible. It was also the time of Shakespeares greatest tragedies and tragicomedies, and of major writings by other notable poets and playwrights including Donne, Ben Jonson, Michael Drayton, Lady Mary Wroth, Sir Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, John Webster, George Chapman, Thomas Middleton, Philip Massinger, and Elizabeth Cary, whose notable biblical drama The Tragedy of Mariam, the Faire Queene of Jewry was first long play by an Englishwoman to be published.See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); Douglas Bush, English Literature in the Earlier Seventeenth Century (1945); C. V. Wedgewood, Seventeenth Century English Literature (1950). Caroline Age. The reign of Charles I, 1625-49; the name is derived from Carolus, the Latin version of Charles. This was the time of the English Civil War fought between the supporters of the king (known as Cavaliers) and the supporters of Parliament (known as Roundheads/ from their custom of wearing their hair cut short).John Milton began his writing during this period; it was the age also of the religious poet George Herbert and of the prose writers Rober t Burton and Sir Thomas Browne. Associated with the court were the Cavalier poets, writers of witty and polished lyrics of courtship and gallantry. The group included Richard Lovelace, Sir John Suckling, and Thomas Carew. Robert Herrick, although a country parson, is often classified with the Cavalier poets because, like them, he was a Son of Ben—that is, an admirer and follower of Ben Jonson—in many of his lyrics of love and gallant compliment.See Robin Skelton, Cavalier Poets (1960). The Commonwealth Period, also known as the Puritan Interregnum,extends from the end of the Civil War and the execution of Charles I in 1649 to the restoration of the Stuart monarchy under Charles II in 1660. In this period England was ruled by Parliament under the Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell; his death in 1658 marked the dissolution of the Commonwealth. Drama almost disappeared for eighteen years after the Puritans closed the public theaters in September 1642, not only on moral and re ligious grounds, but also to prevent public assemblies that might foment civil disorder.It was the age of Miltons political pamphlets, of Hobbes political treatise Leviathan (1651), of the prose writers Sir Thomas Browne, Thomas Fuller, Jeremy Taylor, and Izaak Walton, and of the poets Henry Vaughan, Edmund Waller, Abraham Cowley, Sir William Davenant, and Andrew Marvell. The Neoclassical Period, 1660-1785; see the entry neoclassic and romantic. Restoration. This period takes its name from the restoration of the Stuart line (Charles II) to the English throne in 1660, at the end of the Commonwealth; it is specified as lasting until 1700.The urbanity, wit, and licentiousness of the life centering on the court, in sharp contrast to the seriousness and sobriety of the earlier Puritan regime, is reflected in much of the literature of this age. The theaters came back to vigorous life after the revocation of the ban placed on them by the Puritans in 1642, although they became more exlusive ly oriented toward the aristocratic classes than they had been earlier.Sir George Etherege, William Wycherley, William Congreve, and John Dryden developed the distinctive comedy of manners called Restoration comedy, and Dryden, Thomas Otway, and other playwrights developed the even more distinctive form of tragedy called heroic drama. Dryden was the major poet and critic, as well as one of the major dramatists. Other poets were the satirists Samuel Butler and the Earl of Rochester; notable writers in prose, in addition to the masterly Dryden, were Samuel Pepys, Sir William Temple, the religious writer in vernacular English John Bunyan, and the philosopher John Locke.Aphra Behn, the first Englishwoman to earn her living by her pen and one of the most inventive and versatile authors of the age, wrote poems, highly successful plays, and Oroonoko, the tragic story of a noble African slave, an important precursor of the novel. See Basil Willey, The Seventeenth Century Background (1934); L. I. Bredvold, The Intellectual Milieu of John Dryden (1932). Augustan Age. The original Augustan Age was the brilliant literary period of Virgil, Horace, and Ovid under the Roman emperor Augustus (27 B. . -A. D. 14). In the eighteenth century and later, however, the term was frequently applied also to the literary period in England from approximately 1700 to 1745. The leading writers of the time (such as Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, and Joseph Addison) themselves drew the parallel to the Roman Augustans, and deliberately imitated their literary forms and subjects, their emphasis on social concerns, and their ideals of moderation, decorum, and urbanity. (See neoclassicism. A major representative of popular, rather than classical, writing in this period was the novelist, journalist, and pamphleteer Daniel Defoe. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was a brilliant letterwriter in a great era of letter-writing; she also wrote poems of wit and candor that violated the conventional moral and i ntellectual roles assigned to women in the Augustan era. Age of Sensibility. The period between the death of Alexander Pope in 1744, and 1785, which was one year after the death of Samuel Johnson and one year before Robert Burns Poems, Chiefly in Scottish Dialect. Alternative dates frequently proposed for the end of this period are 1789 and 1798; see Romantic Period. ) An older name for this half-century, the Age of Johnson, stresses the dominant position of Samuel Johnson (1709-84) and his literary and intellectual circle, which included Oliver Goldsmith, Edmund Burke, James Boswell, Edward Gibbon, and Hester Lynch Thrale. These authors on the whole represented a culmination of the literary and critical modes of neoclassicism and the worldview of the Enlightenment.The more recent name, Age of Sensibility, puts its stress on the emergence, in other writers of the 1740s and later, of new cultural attitudes, theories of literature, and types of poetry; we find in this period, for exam ple, a growing sympathy for the Middle Ages, a vogue of cultural primitivism, an awakening interest in ballads and other folk literature, a turn from neoclassic correctness and its emphasis on judgment and restraint to an emphasis on instinct and feeling, the development of a literature of sensibility, and above all the exaltation by some critics of original genius and a bardic poetry of the sublime and visionary imagination. Thomas Gray expressed this anti-neoclassic sensibility and set of values in his Stanzas to Mr. Bentley (1752): But not to one in this benighted age Is that diviner inspiration given, That burns in Shakespeares or in Miltons page, The pomp and prodigality of Heaven. Other poets who showed similar shifts in thought and taste were William Collins and Joseph and Thomas Warton (poets who, together with Gray, began in the 1740s the vogue for what Samuel Johnson slightingly referred to as ode, and elegy, and sonnet), Christopher Smart, and William Cowper.Thomas Percy published his influential Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), which included many folk ballads and a few medieval metrical romances, and James Macpherson in the same decade published his greatly doctored (and in considerable part fabricated) versions of the poems of the Gaelic bard Ossian (Oisin) which were enormously popular throughout Europe. This was also the period of the great novelists, some realistic and satiric and some sentimental: Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett, and Laurence Sterne. See W. J. Bate, From Classic to Romantic (1946); Northrop Frye, Toward Defining an Age of Sensibility, in Fables of Identity (1963), and ed. Romanticism Reconsidered (1965); F. W. Hilles and Harold Bloom, eds. , From Sensibility to Romanticism (1965). Romantic Period. The Romantic Period in English literature is dated as eginning in 1785 (see Age of Sensibility)—or alternatively in 1789 (the outbreak of the French Revolution), or in 1798 (the publication of Wil liam Wordsworths and Samuel Taylor Coleridges Lyrical Ballads)—and as ending either in 1830 or else in 1832, the year in which Sir Walter Scott died and the passage of the Reform Bill signaled the political preoccupations of the Victorian era. For some characteristics of the thought and writings of this remarkable and diverse literary period, as well as for a list of suggested readings, see neoclassic and romantic. The term is often applied also to literary movements in European countries and America; see periods of American literature. Romantic characteristics are usually said to have been manifested first in Germany and England in the 1790s, and not to have become prominent in France and America until two or three decades after that time.Major English writers of the period, in addition to Wordsworth and Coleridge, were the poets Robert Burns, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats, and Walter Savage Landor; the prose writers Charles Lamb, William Hazlit t, Thomas De Quincey, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt; and the novelists Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, and Mary Shelley. The span between 1786 and the close of the eighteenth century was that of the Gothic romances by William Beckford, Matthew Gregory Lewis, William Godwin, and, above all, Anne Radcliffe. Victorian Period. The beginning of the Victorian Period is frequently dated 1830, or alternatively 1832 (the passage of the first Reform Bill), and sometimes 1837 (the accession of Queen Victoria); it extends to the death of Victoria in 1901.Historians often subdivide the long period into three phases: Early Victorian (to 1848), Mid-Victorian (1848-70), and Late Victorian (1870-1901). Much writing of the period, whether imaginative or didactic, in verse or in prose, dealt with or reflected the pressing social, economic, religious, and intellectual issues and problems of that era. (For a summary of these issues, and also for the derogatory use of the term Victorian, see Victori an and Victorianism. ) Among the notable poets were Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Robert Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Christina Rossetti, Matthew Arnold, and Gerard Manley Hopkins (whose remarkably innovative poems, however, did not become known until they were published, long after his death, in 1918).The most prominent essayists were Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Arnold, and Walter Pater; the most distinguished of many excellent novelists (this was a great age of English prose fiction) were Charlotte and Emily Bronte, Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot, George Meredith, Anthony Trollope, Thomas Hardy, and Samuel Butler. For prominent literary movements during the Victorian era, see the entries on Pre-Raphaelites, Aestheticism, and Decadence. Edwardian Period. The span between the death of Victoria (1901) and the beginning of World War I (1914) is named for King Edward VII, who reigned from 1901 to 1910.Poets writing at the time included Thomas Hardy (who gave up novels for poetry at the beginning of the century), Alfred Noyes, William Butler Yeats, and Rudyard Kipling; dramatists included Henry Arthur Jones, Arthur Wing Pinero, James Barrie, John Galsworthy, George Bernard Shaw, and the playwrights of the Celtic Revival such as Lady Gregory, Yeats, and John M. Synge. Many of the major achievements were in prose fiction— works by Thomas Hardy, Joseph Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, John Galsworthy, H. G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, and Henry James, who published his major final novels, The Wings of the Dove, The Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl, between 1902 and 1904.Georgian Period is a term applied both to the reigns in England of the four successive Georges (1714-1830) and (more frequently) to the reign of George V (1910-36). Georgian poets usually designates a group of writers in the latter era who loomed large in four anthologies entitled Georgian Poetry, which were published by Edward Marsh between 1912 and 1922. Marsh favored writers we now tend to regard as relatively minor poets such as Rupert Brooke, Walter de la Mare, Ralph Hodgson, W. H. Davies, and John Masefield. The term Georgian poetry has come to connote verse which is mainly rural in subject matter, deft and delicate rather than bold and passionate in manner, and traditional rather than experimental in technique and form.Modern Period. The application of the term modern, of course, varies with the passage of time, but it is frequently applied specifically to the literature written since the beginning of World War I in 1914; see modernism and postmodernism. This period has been marked by persistent and multidimensioned experiments in subject matter, form, and style, and has produced major achievements in all the literary genres. Among the notable writers are the poets W. B. Yeats, Wilfred Owen, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, Dylan Thomas, and Seamus Heaney; the novelists Joseph Conrad, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Doroth y Richardson, Virginia Woolf, ?. ?.Forster, Aldous Huxley, Graham Greene, Doris Lessing, and Nadine Gordimer; the dramatists G. ?. Shaw, Sean OCasey, Noel Coward, Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Caryl Churchill, Brendan Behan, Frank McGuinness, and Tom Stoppard. The modern age was also an important era for literary criticism; among the innovative English critics were T. S. Eliot, I. A. Richards, Virginia Woolf, E R. Leavis, and William Empson. (See New Criticism. ) This entry has followed what has been the widespread practice of including under English literature writers in the English language from all the British Isles. A number of the authors listed above, were in fact natives of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.Of the Modern Period especially it can be said that much of the greatest English literature was written by the Irish writers Yeats, PERSONA, TONE, AND VOICE 21 7 Shaw, Joyce, OCasey, Beckett, Iris Murdoch, and Seamus Heaney. And in recent decades, some of the most notable lite rary achievements in the English language have been written by natives of recently liberated English colonies (who are often referred to as postcolonial authors)/ including the South Africans Doris Lessing, Nadine Gordimer, and Athol Fugard; the West Indians V. S. Naipaul and Derek Walcott; the Nigerians Chinua Achebe and Wole Soyinka; and the Indian novelists R. K. Narayan and Salman Rushdie. See postcolonial studies. The Postmodern Period is a name sometimes applied to the era after World War

Frankenstein Essay Example

Frankenstein Essay Example Frankenstein Essay Frankenstein Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Name: Course: Institution: Date: : Frankenstein The analysis of the different styles, techniques and structure of the novel Frankenstein will involve a synopsis of the book as well as the final letters written by Robert Walton. A detailed analysis of the narration technique and instances of changing information in the published works will make up the body of the essay. The essay will conclude with the writing styles and an in-depth understanding of the creature’s behavior. In Chapter 8 of the novel Frankenstein, the scene begins at a court proceeding. The whole of Victor’s family had been requested as witnesses, and he accompanied them as a formality. The case involved the death of William, Victor’s younger brother and a suspected assailant, a teenage girl who was falsely accused of murdering the child. Justine was brought in and questioned by the counsels on her whereabouts on the night of the murder. Her answers made her the most probable suspect. Her cousin Elizabeth even tried to ouch for her good conduct in court. Later, Justine confessed that she was the killer and when Victor and Elizabeth asked her why did this, she said the creature had tormented and threatened her into submission. Finally, Justine was sentenced to death. The remainders of Victor’s days are filled with remorse, guilt, and in the process, he develops a plan to go after the monster and kill it with the hope that it would redeem him of his sins. Walton’s final letter The final letter is part of a series of letters that continued the Frankenstein story later. In the letters, Walton becomes the narrator of the story. Robert Walton was an explorer who chanced upon Victor Frankenstein during his last hours and listened to his tales that he documented through letters. The series of letters discloses Victor’s regrets. He created the monster that caused rampage by killing nearly all his family members and neighbors. The letters also reveal Victor’s plan to hunt down and destroy the monster. Walton’s final letter, dated September 12, narrates Victor’s adamancy to staying in the inhospitable climate until he finished off his enemy. The stress and illness soon killed Victor just as the monster made its way into the ship. Victor’s final moments were shared by the monster who narrated to Victor how it began its reign of terror. At the end, the monster vows to retreat to the frozen north until he would die. Layering of narration The integration of the narration of the two parties within the novel by Mary Shelley displays a new method through which the reader can understand the main theme in the book to totality. The storyline as narrated by Victor and by the creature compliment each other in strengthening the theme intended by Shelley. The creature, on his part, expresses how it came into the world through the hands of Frankenstein. It narrates its first contact with man and the hostile reaction that it received that slowly cultivated the idea of being a monster to avenge these wrongs. Throughout the creature’s narration, the reader is allowed to view life from its perspective. Within Walton’s narration, there is clear evidence that he came across Victor’s notes concerning the monster. Walton, therefore, validates Victor’s story by carrying on the monster chase that was started by the creator. The narrative in Frankenstein shifts from Victor Frankenstein to Robert Walton to the monster and back to Walton. Each shift in perspective creates a new personality set and new information is provided. Each narrator gives information exclusive to him or her. Victor describes the creation of the monster, Walton explains the conditions of Victor’s last days, and the monster explains how he transformed to being evil. The duality in the narration also reflects the different perspectives that Victor and the monster have. From Victor’s perspective, the monster is a wicked and revolting creature while from the monster’s narration; we see that it is an emotional and thoughtful being. The recounting of William’s murder is the best example of the contrast between these two perspectives. While Victor, in his letter to his father, focuses on the beastly acts of the monster, the creature’s version states the emotional reason as to why he murdered William. In doing so, the reader can understand the actions of the monster even if one cannot sympathize with him. Using a dual narrative style, the reader gets the opportunity to understand events from two perspectives that eventually shape their opinions of each character. This style may also be somewhat confusing as alternates the narrators between scenes or chapters but serves as a good technique in enabling one to comprehend the no vel as a whole. Instances of Victor’s editing and revision of Walton’s letters Some of the comments noted down as Victor’s such as the famous inspiration quote that stated: â€Å"Inspirited by this wind of promise, my daydreams become more fervent and vivid† might have easily been Walton’s words. The trend with which the production of Frankenstein found itself as a novel was somewhat questionable. The story started as a letter to his sister, Saville and to his journal, to transcripts and lastly, as a publication. The similarity that exists in the character traits between Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein might have extended to their works of literature. They showed strong similarities in the correction, in later volumes. The usage of certain words within the story in the context in which it was written were later changed either by Victor himself, Walton or the later publishers. Words such as â€Å"terrific†, â€Å"awful† and â€Å"wonderful† meant different things during the time of their usage. These words were la ter on changed to make the publication maintain its credibility and meaning. Word choice, language, voice, and audience Within the novel, the author uses basic words and sentences to bring out the message. The complexity within the work of Mary Shelley is clearly lacking. Frankenstein’s creation was not the real monster. Although the creature had much gruesome behavior, it nevertheless harbored human-like characteristics that cannot be ignored. The narrator within the chapter is Victor Frankenstein, and he gave his own opinion of the creation of the monster. In doing so, the reader sees the highlighted monstrosity of the creature. This creates a bias towards agreeing with Victor that the creature was one that even â€Å"Dante could not have conceived†. The choice of diction in the introduction of the creature when the narrator says that it was created on a dreary night in November shows that Frankenstein was only concerned about the monster and not the consequences it would have on him and his family. The reference to certain gothic features such as the pattering of rain and pitch darkness brought up a psychic feeling. This technique is used in Frankenstein to mark the beginning of a new era in which Victor and his monster world terrorize the world. The author’s choice of phraseology that described the monster is important. Instead of accounting for the detailed moments when Frankenstein witnessed the creature awakening, the author uses certain phrases like its dull yellow eye opened, and that it breathed hard and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. Frankenstein was portrayed as having lustrous black hair and teeth of a pearly whiteness as well as watery eyes. The intention was to bring out the monster in the creature ba sed on the creature alone. The language used by the monster presented to the reader an almost civilized and human creature. The creature displayed confusion that might be mistaken for monstrosity by the audience. The humanity of the creature is further illustrated when he first wakes up and greets Frankenstein with a grin that indicates no sign of monstrosity. The other part of the narration is taken up by Victor Frankenstein. Victor engages on a similar story as that of the creature although he narrates it from the other perspective. Victor describes the character change in the monster from the time of creation to the moment it started turning against people and harming them. The narration by Victor offered a far more detailed experience as it associates itself with the way in which the majority of people react to a monster. The novel Frankenstein provides the reader with a great variety when it comes to narration. The complex narrative system rotates around Robert Walton, Victor and the monster. These three main characters share different levels of audience with each other and the reader. There are at least four levels of audiences in the novel. Walton, Saville and his companions share a first audience as they communicate through the letters that readers can also view. Victor and Walton share a first audience while the two and Saville share a second audience when they discuss the idea of creating and hunting down the monster. Lastly, the De Laceys, the monster and Frankenstein share a first audience while the two, Walton and Seville share a third and fourth audience. The readers belong in the last group of audiences. Understanding of the Creature’s character From the onset, the creation of the monster by Victor Frankenstein displayed an inclination to regard the outcome as inhuman. The monster was created from an assembly of dead body parts and chemicals. The monster was immediately abandoned by his master that forced him to a lonely life away from family or any other form of companionship. This early neglect by Victor Frankenstein was one of the causes of the behavior change in the monster. The monster narrates how he sought companionship among other human beings who rejected him in the same way that he was rejected by his master. In return, the monster swore he would avenge all the pain he had experienced. Viewing the novel from Victor’s perspective, a reader might be mistaken that his creation was a purely evil monster. Contrary to what was emotionally portrayed by Victor to be a monster, the creature in Frankenstein provided a more humane side of himself in his narration. The creature exhibits sensitivity in the way he handles the different human beings that he meets on the countryside. The drowning girl and young William Frankenstein were perfect examples of how sensitive the creature was. After realizing that human beings despised him, the creature narrated how he mourned silently and yearned for a friend. The creature was also extremely benevolent as he assisted a group of poor peasants by providing logs for firewood and water. The behavior change by the creature that turned him into a monster can be attributed to several factors. From the narration by Victor Frankenstein, the society treated the creature as an outcast and an evil being. His attempts at making peace with men were met with outright resistance and hatred. The creature was, therefore, harboring vengeful thoughts as the same society that begot him now rejected him. When he met a young child whom he thought would be neutral and non-judgmental, he realized that this was not true when his purported child friend turned against him. From that moment, he vowed to avenge all the suffering, discomfort and rejection that human being had subjected him. This can be understood as a reaction to a change in the social environment and not the creature’s ordinary character traits. .

Matisse, Kandinsy, Dix, Duchamp, Dali Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Matisse, Kandinsy, Dix, Duchamp, Dali - Essay Example Composition VII is a complex painting on a grand scale. The abstract name suggests how the painter is attempting to draw parallels to musical symphonies. Kandinsy’s close friendship with music composer Schoenberg further bears out this hypothesis. Just as Schoenberg’s music is typified by its atonality, Kandinsy’s work creates a similar mood. This affective mood is achieved through the use of dissonant colors, shapes and object orientations. This very abstract work raises suggestions of chaos and doom. Produced before the break of the First World War, it could be taken as a harbinger of events to unfold. But the underlying message seems to be that destruction is followed by renewal. Invoking Christian symbolism, Kandinsy is perhaps implying the great hope that lies beyond impending apocalypse. In sum, the painting is intriguing and intellectually satisfying. No other painter captured the horrors of war as Otto Dix had done. Based on his first hand experiences dur ing the First World War, Dix produced some of the most vivid, graphic and provocative war sceneries ever. Where it suits him, Dix abstracts the idea of destruction into various manifestations. Though his images belong to what he saw during the Great War, it could equally apply to any war ever fought. This is so because human suffering is a constant across wars of various epochs. As one of the paintings sadly conveys, it is worms which are the real winners in any war. Dix also captured the cultural atmosphere during the inter-war years.

White Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

White Paper - Assignment Example Therefore, nurses are advised on how to avoid misuse of social media. Misuse would result into a compromised quality of their service delivery (Gagnon & Sabus, 2015). The white paper puts emphasis on the fact that patients’ personal treatment history should be safeguarded by nurses. The information can only be shared for medical purposes with the consent of the patient. Therefore, social media should not be used as a platform for sharing private medical information inappropriately. The health Act on Insurance Portability and Accountability gives the necessary guidance on patient privacy regulations (Hader & Brown, 2010). The white paper is a major boost to the efforts of the policy to improve health care service quality and safety. If the provisions of the paper are adhered to, the management and safe-keeping of patient records will improve. Breach of patient confidentiality will be avoided and good professional conduct will be a major code of operation. If nurses pay attention to their conduct, the services they provide will meet the standards that satisfies patients. Consequently, the quality of health care service will be improved (Henderson & Dahnke,